.
. The disputed islands are known in Japan as the country's "Northern Territories". In
on resolving the dispute resumed.
There are
56 islands and many minor rocks. The Kuril Islands consist of the
Greater Kuril Chain and the
Lesser Kuril Chain. They cover an area of around 10,503.2 square kilometres (4,055.3 sq mi), with a population of roughly 20,000.
The
Kuril Islands form part of the
ring of tectonic instability encircling the Pacific Ocean referred to as the
Ring of Fire. The islands themselves are summits of
stratovolcanoes that are a direct result of the subduction of the
Pacific Plate under the
Okhotsk Plate, which forms the
Kuril Trench some 200 kilometres (124 mi) east of the islands. The chain has around
100 volcanoes, some
40 of which are
active, and many
hot springs and
fumaroles. There is frequent
seismic activity, including a
magnitude 8.5 earthquake in 1963 and one of magnitude 8.3 recorded on
November 15, 2006, which resulted in
tsunami waves up to 1.5 metres (5 ft) reaching the
California coast. Raikoke Island, near the centre of the archipelago, has an active volcano which erupted again in June 2019, with emissions reaching 13,000 m (42,651 ft).