Timelines
--------
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm#blitz
Hx
http://ww2today.com/category/1939/1938-1939
http://ww2today.com/category/1939
http://ww2today.com/category/1940
http://ww2today.com/category/1941
http://ww2today.com/category/1942
http://ww2today.com/category/1943
http://ww2today.com/category/1944
http://ww2today.com/category/1945
Key Events
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ww2_summary_01.shtml
Home front preparations timeline
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/homefront/preparations/timeline.htm
Timeline
1939
Hitler invades Poland on 1 September. Britain and France declare war on Germany two days later.
1940
Rationing starts in the UK.
German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France.
Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain.
British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk.
British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans.
1941
Hitler begins Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia.
The Blitz continues against Britain's major cities.
Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks.
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war.
1942
Germany suffers setbacks at Stalingrad and El Alamein.
Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken.
American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War.
Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins.
1943
Surrender at Stalingrad marks Germany's first major defeat.
Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched.
Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle.
British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma.
1944
Allies land at Anzio and bomb monastery at Monte Cassino.
Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe.
D Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August.
Guam liberated by the US Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed.
1945
Auschwitz liberated by Soviet troops.
Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May.
Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill.
After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August.
in
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ .
Tuesday, July 17, 2018
Monday, July 16, 2018
Timeline of Medicine and Medical Technology
1849-1-23 Elizabeth Blackwell, USA →
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
17th
1675 – Leeuwenhoek & Microscopy (1675) ↠
18th
1700s – Apothecary - 18th C ➼
19th
1800 – Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
1803–1805 – Morphine was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant.
1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical gynecology.
1816 – Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.
1827–1912 – Joseph Lister antiseptic surgery Father of modern surgery
1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human transfusion.
1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether.
1845 – John Hughes Bennett first describes leukemia as a blood disorder.
1846 – First painless surgery with general anesthetic.
1846 – Synthesis of GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate by Ascanio Sobrero.
1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever.
1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia.
1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine.
1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work.
1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.
1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia.
1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine.
1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work.
1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.
1878 – GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate used by William Murrell to alleviate angina pectoris and reduce blood pressure.
1879 – First vaccine for cholera.
1879 – William Murrell publishes (Lancet) findings on efficacy of GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate in treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.
1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine.
1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.
1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging .
1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
1903 – Willem Einthoven invents electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
1907 – Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic)
1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
1909 – First intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.
1910 – Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans
1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes
1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia
1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.
1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging .
1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
1903 – Willem Einthoven invents electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
1907 – Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic)
1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
1909 – First intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.
1910 – Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans
1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes
1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia
1922 - McCollum uses vitamin D against rickets > .
1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria
1926 – First vaccine for pertussis
1927 – First vaccine for tuberculosis
1927 – First vaccine for tetanus
1928 – Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1929 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
1930 - first successful sex reassignment surgery performed on lili Elbe in Dresden, Germany.
1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
1935 – First vaccine for yellow fever
1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor
1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who improved but died due to a lack of Penicillin
-----------
1943 – Willem J. Kolff build the first dialysis machine
1944 – Disposable catheter – David S. Sheridan .
1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria
1926 – First vaccine for pertussis
1927 – First vaccine for tuberculosis
1927 – First vaccine for tetanus
1928 – Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1929 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
1930 - first successful sex reassignment surgery performed on lili Elbe in Dresden, Germany.
1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
1935 – First vaccine for yellow fever
1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor
1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who improved but died due to a lack of Penicillin
-----------
1943 – Willem J. Kolff build the first dialysis machine
1944 – Disposable catheter – David S. Sheridan .
----------
1950s – 1950s - Antidepressants →
1953 – Polio - Salk (killed vaccine) 1953 →
1959 – Melrose heart-lung machine, artificial cardiac pace maker > .
Monday, July 9, 2018
Technological Innovation - Timeline
RDF ..
1900s to 1990s - inventions >> .
1930s
1940s
Machines
Britain's greatest machines >> .
Of zoos and fire-fighting, today and in wartime
https://web.archive.org/web/20110902160428/http://worldwarzoogardener1939.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/of-zoos-and-fire-fighting-today-and-in-wartime/
Inventions that shook the world - S01E01 - THE 1900'S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGZPnj9QTao
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuituZMCnm8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82Oh6xJ25U0
1910s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqRXfCRakBg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWSMJFeBfj4
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrWZd-gHTah5CuJVlQgNFmk5jeh0-7mNx
1920s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vik6-BI0zv8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dYK6eydYBXM
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrWZd-gHTah5CuJVlQgNFmk5jeh0-7mNx
Inventions That Shook The World - S01E04 - THE 1930'S
1930s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etWK9KtZM2E
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrWZd-gHTah5CuJVlQgNFmk5jeh0-7mNx
1940s
RADAR
https://youtu.be/LYfYGeqL8mM?t=21m24s
Inventions That Shook The World - S01E05 - THE 1940'S
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKgRZ0Ttfzw
Britain's Greatest Machines - S02E03: 1940s - War: Mother of Invention (5.1 DPL II, HD)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-bvOFjSPv4
Britain's greatest machines
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrWZd-gHTah5CuJVlQgNFmk5jeh0-7mNx
How A Crazy Laboratory Accident Helped Create Plastic - Seeker
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ML0PN_zvML8
Plastics - A History and its Contribution to Society - 1940's
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daDM4zeYofA
The British Plastics Industry - 1945 Educational Documentary - WDTVLIVE42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i38Yz4pFQRk
Inventions of War
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LYfYGeqL8mM
Jeep Hx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1JhkQ3evqg1950s
Friday, July 6, 2018
WLA - Timeline
'38-'45 WLA
1938: Lady Denman is approached by the Ministry of Agriculture to re-form the Women's Land Army (WLA). She begins go make plans in terms of national organisation and recruitment, but there are delays in taking these proposals forward.
25th January 1939: A National Service handbook lists the ‘Women’s Land Army’ as one of the civilian organisations which women could volunteer to join in the event of war.
1st June 1939: The Women’s Land Army is re-formed, with Lady Gertrude Denman as Honorary Director. Recruitment begins for Land Girls in earnest. Wages were set as follows: 28 shillings (£1.40) weekly pay (10 shillings less than the average farm wage at that time) for a 50 hour week (48 in winter). Half of that (70p) to pay for food and accommodation.
29th August 1939: Lady Denman sets up the Women’s Land Army headquarters at her home, Balcombe Place, Hayward Heath, West Sussex.
1st September 1939: Germany invades Poland.
3rd September 1939: War is declared on Germany by Britain, the British Empire and France.
December 1939: 4,500 Land Girls working on the land.
January 1940: Food rationing begins in Britain.
April 1940: The Land Girl, a monthly magazine, is published by the Women’s Land Army, with Margaret Pyke as its editor.
June 1940: 6,000 Land Girls working on the land.
March 1941: ‘The Land Girl’ launches a national appeal for members to recruit other new volunteers. New minimum wage from 1st March 1941: 32 shillings (£1.60) (for up to 48 hours a week) for a Land Girl billeted off the form, 16 shillings (80p) for a Land Girl billeted on the farm (plus free board and lodging), plus overtime pay.
May 1941: All British women aged between 19-40 have to register at labour exchanges for war work.
June 1941: 14,000 Land Girls working on the land.
July 1941: HM Queen Elizabeth agreed to become Patron of the Women’s Land Army.
September 1941: ‘In the Event of Invasion’, Land Girls are encouraged to stick to their jobs, but ‘The Land Girl’ issues advice on how to disable tractors if in real danger of capture by the enemy.
December 1941: Churchill’s wartime government passes National Service Act (No.2), allowing for the conscription of women.
29th December 1941: Minimum wages increased to 38 shillings for 48 hour week (or 18 shillings with free bed and board).
April 1942: The Women’s Timber Corps is formed in Britain. More than 4,000 Lumber Jills are employed in forestry throughout the war. They were employed by the Home Timber Production Department of the Ministry of Supply.
20th April 1942: Miss Clemence Dane, in a BBC radio broadcast, refers to the Women’s Land Army as the ‘Cinderella Service’, in the notion that it is taken for granted and its importance being overlooked. This is the first time the Women’s Land Army is referred to as the ‘Cinderella Service’.
June 1942: 40,000 Land Girls working on the land. The Land Army Benevolent Fund is started by Lady Denman to provide financial assistance to Land Girls who suffered illness or accident as a result of their work.
3rd July 1942: Queen Elizabeth hosts a 3rd birthday party for the Women’s Land Army.
February 1943: 53,500 Land Girls working on the land.
June 1943: 65,000 Land Girls working on the land – producing 70% of Britain’s food.
August 1943: Recruitment to the Women’s Land Army is stopped by a decision of the War Cabinet (more workers were needed in the aircraft production industry).
29th August 1943: BBC Women’s Land Army broadcast referred to the uniform rationing clothing coupon arrangements, Women’s Land Army correspondence courses in agriculture and horticulture and Proficiency Tests begin.
December 1943: 80,000 Land Girls working on the land.
3rd January 1944: Recruitment to the Women’s Land Army re-opens.
May 1944: Women’s Land Army headquarters moves back to London, but returns to Sussex after doodlebug attacks begin.
July 1944: First complete series of Proficiency Tests had been completed.
January 1945: Special consideration given to Land Girls who had been in the Land Army for 3 or more years who want to transfer to their home counties.
16th February 1945: Lady Denman resigns as director of the Women’s Land Army over the decision to exclude members of the Land Girls from post-war financial benefits.
8th May 1945: VE Day – end of war in Europe.
1938: Lady Denman is approached by the Ministry of Agriculture to re-form the Women's Land Army (WLA). She begins go make plans in terms of national organisation and recruitment, but there are delays in taking these proposals forward.
25th January 1939: A National Service handbook lists the ‘Women’s Land Army’ as one of the civilian organisations which women could volunteer to join in the event of war.
1st June 1939: The Women’s Land Army is re-formed, with Lady Gertrude Denman as Honorary Director. Recruitment begins for Land Girls in earnest. Wages were set as follows: 28 shillings (£1.40) weekly pay (10 shillings less than the average farm wage at that time) for a 50 hour week (48 in winter). Half of that (70p) to pay for food and accommodation.
29th August 1939: Lady Denman sets up the Women’s Land Army headquarters at her home, Balcombe Place, Hayward Heath, West Sussex.
1st September 1939: Germany invades Poland.
3rd September 1939: War is declared on Germany by Britain, the British Empire and France.
December 1939: 4,500 Land Girls working on the land.
January 1940: Food rationing begins in Britain.
April 1940: The Land Girl, a monthly magazine, is published by the Women’s Land Army, with Margaret Pyke as its editor.
June 1940: 6,000 Land Girls working on the land.
March 1941: ‘The Land Girl’ launches a national appeal for members to recruit other new volunteers. New minimum wage from 1st March 1941: 32 shillings (£1.60) (for up to 48 hours a week) for a Land Girl billeted off the form, 16 shillings (80p) for a Land Girl billeted on the farm (plus free board and lodging), plus overtime pay.
May 1941: All British women aged between 19-40 have to register at labour exchanges for war work.
June 1941: 14,000 Land Girls working on the land.
July 1941: HM Queen Elizabeth agreed to become Patron of the Women’s Land Army.
September 1941: ‘In the Event of Invasion’, Land Girls are encouraged to stick to their jobs, but ‘The Land Girl’ issues advice on how to disable tractors if in real danger of capture by the enemy.
December 1941: Churchill’s wartime government passes National Service Act (No.2), allowing for the conscription of women.
29th December 1941: Minimum wages increased to 38 shillings for 48 hour week (or 18 shillings with free bed and board).
April 1942: The Women’s Timber Corps is formed in Britain. More than 4,000 Lumber Jills are employed in forestry throughout the war. They were employed by the Home Timber Production Department of the Ministry of Supply.
20th April 1942: Miss Clemence Dane, in a BBC radio broadcast, refers to the Women’s Land Army as the ‘Cinderella Service’, in the notion that it is taken for granted and its importance being overlooked. This is the first time the Women’s Land Army is referred to as the ‘Cinderella Service’.
June 1942: 40,000 Land Girls working on the land. The Land Army Benevolent Fund is started by Lady Denman to provide financial assistance to Land Girls who suffered illness or accident as a result of their work.
3rd July 1942: Queen Elizabeth hosts a 3rd birthday party for the Women’s Land Army.
February 1943: 53,500 Land Girls working on the land.
June 1943: 65,000 Land Girls working on the land – producing 70% of Britain’s food.
August 1943: Recruitment to the Women’s Land Army is stopped by a decision of the War Cabinet (more workers were needed in the aircraft production industry).
29th August 1943: BBC Women’s Land Army broadcast referred to the uniform rationing clothing coupon arrangements, Women’s Land Army correspondence courses in agriculture and horticulture and Proficiency Tests begin.
December 1943: 80,000 Land Girls working on the land.
3rd January 1944: Recruitment to the Women’s Land Army re-opens.
May 1944: Women’s Land Army headquarters moves back to London, but returns to Sussex after doodlebug attacks begin.
July 1944: First complete series of Proficiency Tests had been completed.
January 1945: Special consideration given to Land Girls who had been in the Land Army for 3 or more years who want to transfer to their home counties.
16th February 1945: Lady Denman resigns as director of the Women’s Land Army over the decision to exclude members of the Land Girls from post-war financial benefits.
8th May 1945: VE Day – end of war in Europe.
Sunday, July 1, 2018
● Operations
39-08-24 Mobilisation .. Britain
40-4-9 onward = Kampf um Norwegen = 40-4-9 Invasion of Norway & Denmark 40-6-10 ..
40-5-10 Chamberlain out, Churchill in, Invasion of 4 Neutral Nations ..
40-5-10 Benelux Invasion & Battle of France 44-6-6 ..
39-9-1 The Polish German War 39-10-6 ..
39-9-1 Evacuation Plans & Operation Pied Piper ..
39-9-3 England declares war 45-5-7 ..
39-9-1 Evacuation Plans & Operation Pied Piper ..
39-9-3 England declares war 45-5-7 ..
40-4-9 onward = Kampf um Norwegen = 40-4-9 Invasion of Norway & Denmark 40-6-10 ..
40-5-10 Chamberlain out, Churchill in, Invasion of 4 Neutral Nations ..
40-5-10 Benelux Invasion & Battle of France 44-6-6 ..
40-5-10 Invasion of Iceland .. Operation Fork
42-2-11 Unternehmen Donnerkeil - Operation Thunderbolt .. Kriegsmarine evades detection in channel dash
42-2-27 to 28 Bruneval Raid - Operation Biting ..
44-8-25 Siegfried Line Campaign 45-3-7 ..
44-9-19 Hürtgen Forest 44-12-16 ..
44-10-12 Aachen 44-10-21 ..
Ardennes, Battle of the Bulge
45-3-7 Battle of Remagen 45-3-17 ..
40-5-25 to 40-6-4 Dunkirk Evacuation - Dynamo + 40-5-26 to 40-6-4 Dunkirk - Operation Dynamo + 40-6-1 Dunkirk - June 1 1940 ..
40-6-15 Operation Aerial/Ariel 40-6-25 .. Allied evacuation through French ports
40-6-15 Operation Aerial/Ariel 40-6-25 .. Allied evacuation through French ports
40-7-3 Battle of Mers-el-Kébir - Operation Catapult .. French fleet attacked by RN
40-7-10 Battle of Britain Begins ..
40-7-16 Directive 16 .. Hitler announces Unternehmen Seelöwe .
40-8-12 Bridge Busters - Raid on Dortmund-Ems Canal ..
40-8-13 Adlertag & Unternehmen Adlerangriff ..
40-8-18 Attack on RAF Kenley - Battle of Britain ..
40-9-8 Blitz, Cromwell, Sealion Postponed 40-9-14 ..
41-5-18 Bismarck - Operation Rheinübung 41-5-27 .. 40-7-10 Battle of Britain Begins ..
40-7-16 Directive 16 .. Hitler announces Unternehmen Seelöwe .
40-8-12 Bridge Busters - Raid on Dortmund-Ems Canal ..
40-8-13 Adlertag & Unternehmen Adlerangriff ..
40-8-18 Attack on RAF Kenley - Battle of Britain ..
40-9-8 Blitz, Cromwell, Sealion Postponed 40-9-14 ..
41-6-22 Unternehmen Barbarossa .. Nazi invasion of Russia
42-2-11 Unternehmen Donnerkeil - Operation Thunderbolt .. Kriegsmarine evades detection in channel dash
42-2-27 to 28 Bruneval Raid - Operation Biting ..
42-6-12 Operation Squabble .. Solo Beaufighter raid over Paris
42-8-3 Operation Pedestal 42-8-15 = during Siege of Malta ..
42-8-19 Dieppe Raid .. Failed Operation Rutter .
43-5-16 Dambusters - Operation Chastise ..
42-8-3 Operation Pedestal 42-8-15 = during Siege of Malta ..
42-8-19 Dieppe Raid .. Failed Operation Rutter .
43-5-16 Dambusters - Operation Chastise ..
43-7-5 Unternehmen Zitadelle - Battle of Kursk .. Tank battle, Eastern Front
44-6-6 D-Day - June 6, 1944 .. Operation Neptune
44-6-6 D-Day - Overlord, Neptune ..44-6-6 D-Day - June 6, 1944 .. Operation Neptune
44-8-25 Siegfried Line Campaign 45-3-7 ..
44-9-19 Hürtgen Forest 44-12-16 ..
44-10-12 Aachen 44-10-21 ..
Ardennes, Battle of the Bulge
45-3-7 Battle of Remagen 45-3-17 ..
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
