20th+: November 2016

Wednesday, November 30, 2016

WW1 - 1914 >> . WW1 - 1915 >> . WW1 - 1916 >> . WW1 - 1917 >> . WW1 - 1918 >> . Aftermath of The Great War - 1919 >> . 1920 >> . 1921 >> .

3D Fokker DVII Biplane, WW1 ⇼

All Horror on the Western Front ..

Armed Merchantmen ↠

British aerospace industry ..
Communications - Battlefield ..

EW - Economic Warfare ➾ History ..

Hello Girls - WW1 Communications ..

Interactive Timeline WW1 ..
Julius Silber - German Spy, WW1 ..

Life - WW1 Home Front ..

Mercy Dogs in WW1 ..

Neutral Nations WW1 - Netherlands ..

Progress, Reversal - Women in WW1 ..

Servicewomen in WWI - USA ..

US Firearms, WW1 ..

WW1 evolution - engineering, medicine, military, technology ..
WWI - Zimmerman telegram ..

1848 European Tensions, WW1, Versailles 1919 ..
1871 Alsace-Lorraine annexed ..

1900 to 1914 ..
1900-3-7 1st ship-to-shore wireless message ..
Timeline WW1 ..

1914 ..

1915 ..

1915-4-22 Chlorine gas, 2nd Battle of Ypres ..

1916 ..

1917 ..

1918 - Britain ..

1919 - postwar 1 ..
1919-11-11 Geopolitical Change 2019-11-11 ..

Interbellum '19 to '39 ..
Interbellum Politics ..

Monday, November 28, 2016

All Horror on the Western Front

.German Soldier Describes True HORROR of Life on Western Front (1914) - VoP > .

Diary of Rudolf Binding

Saturday, November 19, 2016

Julius Silber - German Spy, WW1

The German spy who was never caught | Julius Silber (WW1) > .

Two months after the German Julius Silber arrived in Great-Britain in 1914, he applied for a job at the Ministry of War and, against expectation, was accepted at the censor’s office. For four years he was able to gather intelligence about the manufacturing and invention of new weapons, military plans, microfilms and political developments, mailing all of them to his superiors in Berlin. And what is more, he was never caught… and returning home proved to be the biggest battle.

Wednesday, November 16, 2016

Mercy Dogs in WW1

.Mercy Dogs of the Great War - HiGu > .

Tuesday, November 15, 2016

Neutral Nations WW1 - Netherlands

The word neutral derives from Latin ne (“not”) + uter (“whether”), a semantic loan from Koine Greek οὐδέτερος (oudéteros). Only Argentina, Chile, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Venezuela, Sweden and Switzerland remained neutral during the Great War (1914-1918).

For the Netherlands remaining neutral was in question: commander-in-chief General C.J. Snijders had a strong liking for the 'invincible' Germany.

Maintaining neutrality caused discord among the inhabitants of the Netherlands. The population was divided, as were the politicians. Many people still bore a grudge against England because of the Boer War, some fifteen years earlier, when thousands of Boers (Dutch descendants) in South-Africa had been killed by British soldiers.

Because of General C.J. Snijders attitude the government several times tried to get rid of the general, but Queen Wilhelmina kept on backing her CIC. The queen was fond of the army and often visited the troops and observed exercises.

The small Dutch army exercised continuously. The Dutch government had mobilized 500.000 man to reinforce the regular army. They guarded the borders and filled their days with exercising and polishing. There were many incidents involving warring countries. England accidentally bombed the Dutch port of Zierikzee. And German U-boats torpedoed and sank many Dutch ships, including one transporting German prisoners-of-war from England to the Netherlands.

There was much discontent among the soldiers. Not until the end of the war did they see real action as they were called upon to quell hunger revolts in some of the larger cities.

To maintain neutrality the Netherlands laid mines in coastal waters, to prevent hostile landings. Three times (in 1916, 1917 and 1918) Germany considered occupying the Netherlands. In which case, the allied countries would have invaded the country via the coast.

Germany eventually refrained from invading Holland because of the food supplies flowed in from the Netherlands. This trade made some merchants in Holland very rich. They were called OW'ers, meaning 'oorlogswinst-makers': war-profiteers. Until this very day OW'er is considered a harsh term of abuse in Holland.

From the Holland's eastern border with Germany to German-occupied Belgium to the south, heavy gunfire in Flanders could be heard in Holland. The Belgian battlefields were no more than 40 km's away (about 26 miles).

More than one million Belgian refugees fled to Holland when the war broke out. Thousands of soldiers, from both sides, followed. The enemy had encircled them, just as happened to 2,000 British marines at Antwerp.

All foreign soldiers arriving in The Netherlands were disarmed and interned in camps where they were to stay during rest of the war.

In spring 1915 the Germans erected an dreadful electric fence between occupied Belgium and the Netherlands. The 2,000 Volts wire ran almost 200 Km (125 Miles) long through villages, orchards, meadows, woodland, over brooks - even over the river Meuse. The height of the construction was over 3 meters. How many people the fence killed is unknown. Estimates vary from 2,000 to 3,000.

The Netherlands has cemeteries in which victims of the Great War are buried. Many were sailors who fell at sea. Others are civilians or navy-personnel who died at the beaches where countless mines washed ashore.

modified from: https://greatwar.nl/frames/default-nederland.html .

Thursday, November 10, 2016

Servicewomen in WWI - USA

.Museum Minute: Women in WWI > .

Tuesday, November 8, 2016

US Firearms, WW1

.Evolution of Firearms - USA, WW1 > .

Evolution of Firearms - USA, WW2 > .

Firearms History - Lion >> .

World Wars History - Lion >> .

US Firearms, WW1 ..

US Firearms, WW2 ..

Sunday, November 6, 2016

WW1 evolution - engineering, medicine, military, technology

The Sky Was The Limit - Aviation in WW1 > .

Cutting Germany's Wings - Dawn Of The Air Force - WW1 > .

1918: True Origin Of Royal Air Force | Battle for Skies | War Stories > .
Technology and Warfare in World War 1 - tgw >> .

Interbellum - technology - RaWa >> .

Anti Submarine Warfare and Tactics in WW1 > .

Development of British Tank Tactics 1917 > .

Evolution Of British Battle Tanks In WW1 > .

Invention And Development of Submarines - WW1 > .

Submarines, Dreadnoughts and Battle Cruisers - The Navies of WW1 > .

Tunnel Warfare During WW1 > .

Who Laid The Barbed Wire In No Man's Land? > .

Medical Treatment in WW1 > .
Shell Shock - The Psychological Scars of WW1 > .

How WW1 Changed Medicine Forever (feat. Corporis) - KhAnubis >> ,

Medical Texts (1858+) ..

WWI - Zimmerman telegram

WWI - Zimmerman telegram = finally bringing the isolationist USA into the war

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AXjLEMHbTgo

Tuesday, November 1, 2016

● Timeline WW1

Interactive Timeline WW1 ..

1919 ..
1918 ..
1917 ..
1916 ..
1915 ..
1914 ..
●● WW1 ..
1900 to 1914 ..

1871 Alsace-Lorraine annexed ..
Joshua Cole on the mobilization of resources for WW1 > .
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/wwi-failure-schlieffen-plan/

1900 to 1914

Empire In The Pre-Industrial World - Professor Richard J Evans > .

History Brief: Causes of WW1 - rth > .
Britain in the 20th Century: Responses to Decline, 1895-1914 - Bogdanor > .
After the Victorians: The Decline of Britain in the World > .
Votes for Women - HiHu >> .

Europe Prior to WW I: Alliances and Enemies | 1/3 > .
Prelude to WW1 > .

History Brief: Causes of WW1 - rth > .
Complex causes of WW1: CraCo European History #32 > .

European History - CrCo >> .

1900-3-7 1st ship-to-shore wireless message ..

Early Combat Aircraft - 1900 to 1918 to 1945 ..
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-ideology-of-revolution-revolutionary-legacies-of-the-20th-century/
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/assasination-of-archduke-franz-ferdinand/
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-ottoman-empire-total-war/
https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-great-powers-german/

Votes for Women 1900+

Women's Suffrage - National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies > .

Votes for Women - HiHu >> .

Votes for Women 1900+ ..

Women's Rights Struggle ..

Women's Suffrage - 1860s ..

Women's Suffrage Propaganda ..

1914

Outbreak of WW1 - From Local Conflict to World War - wk 1 | tgw > .

World War 1 - 1914 >> .

1st Global Disruption >>> .

1914-12-25: The Christmas Truce takes place on the Western Front > .

Autumn 1914 saw Germany's advance into France grind to halt as successive attempts by both sides to outflank the enemy resulted in a stalemate. By December 1914 the armies had constructed a continuous line of trenches stretching from the North Sea to the Swiss border where they waited to mount offensives in the spring.

With soldiers confined to their trenches, the ‘Live and Let Live’ system developed in which some of the quieter sections observed periods of non-violence. These unofficial breaks in the fighting were strongly discouraged by the military leadership, who later rejected Pope Benedict XV’s calls for a formal period of peace at Christmas. In the end, therefore, the individual breaks in the hostilities that have become known as the Christmas Truce were largely spontaneous unofficial events.

As the ceasefire had no central organisation, it is unclear exactly where the Christmas Truce began. Evidence points to the front around Ypres in Belgium, where numerous accounts from both sides report the singing of Christmas carols as night fell on a frosty Christmas Eve. As the morning fog cleared the next day, some troops ventured into No Man’s Land to exchange small gifts and Christmas greetings. These meetings often conjure up the popular image of troops playing football but, while there is evidence of at least one game being played, these were a rare exception.

Up to 100,000 men on both sides took part in the Christmas Truce, making it one of the largest examples of the ‘Live and Let Live’ system. While this is a significant number, it also shows that hostilities continued along the majority of the Western Front.

1915-2-18 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

1915-2-18 Germany begins unrestricted submarine warfare during WW1 - HiPo > .

On the 18th of February 1915, Germany initiated a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare during WW1.

Prior to the introduction of unrestricted submarine warfare, submarines adhered to ‘cruiser rules,’ which required them to surface and provide warnings to merchant and passenger ships before launching an attack. However, faced with the British naval blockade and desperate to cut off vital supplies to the Allied forces, Germany opted for a more aggressive approach.

On February 4, 1915, Admiral Hugo von Pohl of the German High Seas Fleet warned that ‘every enemy merchant vessel’ in British waters would be targeted and that ‘it may not always be possible to prevent attacks on enemy ships from harming neutral ships’.

This shift in naval tactics was a response to the increasing effectiveness of the British blockade. This was impacting Germany’s ability to sustain its war effort so, by targeting merchant ships including those of neutral nations, Germany aimed to undermine the economic foundations of the Allied powers in return.

The decision, however, had severe consequences. The sinking of civilian vessels, such as the ocean liner RMS Lusitania on May 7, 1915, with the loss of nearly 1,200 lives including 128 Americans, intensified global outrage.

Facing the risk of drawing neutral nations into the war, unrestricted submarine warfare was essentially abandoned on 1 September. However, facing an increasingly desperate situation, on 31 January 1917, Kaiser Wilhelm signed an order for unrestricted submarine warfare to resume the following day. President Wilson of the USA subsequently severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and the US Congress declared war on 6 April.

1915

The Ottoman Disaster - The Battle of Sarikamish I THE GREAT WAR Week 23 > .

The Gallipoli Campaign | Why you can't fight wars on the cheap - IWM > .

World War 1 - 1915 >> .

1915-1-19 Zeppelin Raids ..

1915-2-18 Unrestricted Submarine Warfare ..

1915-4-22 Chlorine gas, 2nd Battle of Ypres ..

The Gallipoli campaign was a military campaign in the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey), from 17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916. The Entente powers, Britain, France and Russia, sought to weaken the Ottoman Empire, one of the Central Powers, by taking control of the Turkish straits. This would expose the Ottoman capital at Constantinople to bombardment by Allied battleships and cut it off from the Asian part of the empire. With Turkey defeated, the Suez canal would be safe, and a year-round Allied supply route could be opened through the Black Sea to warm water ports in Russia.

The attempt by the Allied fleet to force the Dardanelles in February 1915 failed and was followed by an amphibious landing on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915. In January 1916, after eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly campaign for the Entente powers and the Ottoman Empire, as well as for the sponsors of the expedition, especially the First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915), Winston Churchill. The campaign was considered a great Ottoman victory. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the history of the state, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire retreated. The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the declaration of the Republic of Turkey eight years later, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli, as founder and president.

The campaign is often considered to be the beginning of Australian and New Zealand national consciousness; 25 April, the anniversary of the landings, is known as Anzac Day, the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in the two countries, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day).

On the 9th of January 1916, the last remaining Allied troops on the Gallipoli peninsula were evacuated. Despite catastrophic predictions, the withdrawal went off without a hitch and the entire force escaped with only a few casualties. It was the only bright spark in a campaign marked by failure.

After naval attempts to force the Dardanelles straight failed, the amphibious landings had fared even worse. Fierce Ottoman opposition stopped the Allies in their tracks and trench warfare quickly took hold. There were heavy casualties on both sides, not only from the fighting but from the terrible conditions. After a succession of failed attacks, the decision was finally made to withdraw.

Much went wrong at Gallipoli, and the evacuations were the only success.

1915-3-27: Typhoid Mary placed in permanent quarantine in New York > .

1915-1-19 Zeppelin Raids

1915-1-19 Zeppelins Bomb Great Yarmouth & Kings Lynn - HiPo > .

On 19 January 1915 two German Zeppelin airships, known as L3 and L4, dropped bombs on the Norfolk towns of Great Yarmouth and Kings Lynn in Britain’s first experience of an air raid.

Concerned about the safety of the British Royal Family, to whom he was related, the German Kaiser Wilhelm II had granted permission for aerial attacks on military and industrial buildings in Humberside, far away from London. At around 11am on the morning of 19 January three airships departed Germany.

One of the airships, L6, was forced to turn back after an engine malfunction. This left L3 and L4 to continue their mission. Having performed reconnaissance over the North Sea prior to nightfall, they headed towards the English coast but were forced to change course from their intended targets in Humberside due to bad weather. They consequently crossed over Norfolk shortly after 8:30 pm.

Using incendiary bombs and flares to help to navigate in the darkness, L3 turned towards the seaside town of Great Yarmouth while L4 headed along the coast towards Kings Lynn. L3 dropped ten 110lb bombs and seven incendiary devices on the densely packed housing of St Peter’s Plain in Great Yarmouth, killing two people. Meanwhile, L4 dropped eleven bombs on Sheringham and King’s Lynn killing another two.

The four people killed in the attacks were all civilians, which served as a stark message about the changing nature of warfare in the 20th Century. The youngest victim was fourteen year old Percy Goate. In an inquest report his mother reported seeing the bomb drop through a skylight and on to the pillow where he was sleeping.

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