⧫ Asia - Geoeconomics ..
⧫ Asia - Geopolitics ..
Friday, July 31, 2015
Tuesday, July 28, 2015
Afghanistan
.
23-12-1 Khorasan: Taliban vs ISIS K - Afghanistan still at war - Caspian > .22-8-22 Does Afghanistan have a future? - Caspian Report > .
Afghanistan and the Failure of Liberal Interventionism: If the Taliban are allowed to declare victory in Afghanistan, it means what? It means they beat the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United States and the United Nations in open warfare, and can boast about it. Well, that’s an outcome that’s not thinkable.
So said the late Christopher Hitchens in 2010, firmly reiterating why the United States and its NATO allies should stay the course in Afghanistan—and what the stakes were if the Taliban were allowed to reconquer Afghanistan and claim victory over a second superpower.
This is exactly what has just happened. After twenty years of war, Afghanistan is back in the hands of those Hitchens rightly described as “the scum of the earth.” In fact, the scum control more of the country than they ever did. The intervention and “nation building” project Hitchens supported in 2001 as one front in an existential struggle against Islamic jihadism has unravelled and been reduced to dust.
The fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban is a major political and ideological defeat for the United States, and especially for liberal interventionism. The United States will fully withdraw from Afghanistan in September 2021 without having eviscerated the Taliban, exported freedom and democracy or emancipated the women of Afghanistan—the main aims of liberal advocates of the war. The US was not defeated militarily, but the visceral reactions from sections of the pundit class to Biden’s withdrawal demonstrate the symbolic magnitude of this humiliation of American power. In the New York Times, Fred Kagan calls for the withdrawal to be delayed to push the Taliban back, while in the Atlantic Anne Applebaum restates the case for “fighting” for liberal democracy. .........
Afghanistan (Pashto/Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
Humans lived in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago. Settled life emerged in the region 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus civilization (Shortugai site), the Oxus civilization (Dashlyji site), and the Helmand civilization (Mundigak site) of the 3rd millennium BCE. Indo-Aryans migrated through Bactria-Margiana area to Gandhara, followed by the rise of the Iron Age Yaz I culture (ca. 1500–1100 BCE), which has been closely associated with the culture depicted in the Avesta, the ancient religious texts of Zoroastrianism. The region, then known as "Ariana", fell to Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE, who conquered the areas to their east as far as the Indus River. Alexander the Great invaded the region in the 4th century BCE, who married Roxana in Bactria before his Kabul Valley campaign, where he faced resistance from Aspasioi and Assakan tribes. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom became the eastern end of the Hellenistic world. Following the conquest by Mauryan Indians, Buddhism and Hinduism flourished in the region for centuries. The Kushan emperor Kanishka, who ruled from his twin capitals of Kapiśi and Puruṣapura, played an important role in the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China and Central Asia. Various other Buddhist dynasties originated from this region as well, including the Kidarites, Hephthalites, Alkhons, Nezaks, Zunbils and Turk Shahis.
Muslims brought Islam to Sassanian-held Herat and Zaranj in the mid-7th century, while fuller Islamization was achieved between the 9th and 12th centuries under the Saffarid, Samanid, Ghaznavid, and Ghurid dynasties. Parts of the region were later ruled by the Khwarazmian, Khalji, Timurid, Lodi, Sur, Mughal, and Safavid empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak dynasty, whose founder Mirwais Hotak declared southern Afghanistan independent in 1709. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar. In 1776, the Durrani capital was moved to Kabul while Peshawar became the winter capital; the latter was lost to Sikhs in 1823. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup, Afghanistan first became a socialist state, evoking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996, most of the country was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years; they were removed from power after the US invasion in 2001 but still control a significant portion of the country. The ongoing war between the government and the Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians.
Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
2021 Papier-Mâché Tiger | GoodFellows - Hoover Institution > .23-2-9 Russia, Iran, India Want Persian Corridor 2.0 - gtbt > . skip scam > .
> Pakistan >> vs > India >>
X
Afghanistan falls to the Taliban - Washington Post >> .Taliban Takes Over Afghanistan - Bloomberg Politics >> .
Afghanistan 🇦🇫 - Kaptain Smurf >> .Afghanistan ..
So said the late Christopher Hitchens in 2010, firmly reiterating why the United States and its NATO allies should stay the course in Afghanistan—and what the stakes were if the Taliban were allowed to reconquer Afghanistan and claim victory over a second superpower.
This is exactly what has just happened. After twenty years of war, Afghanistan is back in the hands of those Hitchens rightly described as “the scum of the earth.” In fact, the scum control more of the country than they ever did. The intervention and “nation building” project Hitchens supported in 2001 as one front in an existential struggle against Islamic jihadism has unravelled and been reduced to dust.
The fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban is a major political and ideological defeat for the United States, and especially for liberal interventionism. The United States will fully withdraw from Afghanistan in September 2021 without having eviscerated the Taliban, exported freedom and democracy or emancipated the women of Afghanistan—the main aims of liberal advocates of the war. The US was not defeated militarily, but the visceral reactions from sections of the pundit class to Biden’s withdrawal demonstrate the symbolic magnitude of this humiliation of American power. In the New York Times, Fred Kagan calls for the withdrawal to be delayed to push the Taliban back, while in the Atlantic Anne Applebaum restates the case for “fighting” for liberal democracy. .........
Humans lived in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago. Settled life emerged in the region 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus civilization (Shortugai site), the Oxus civilization (Dashlyji site), and the Helmand civilization (Mundigak site) of the 3rd millennium BCE. Indo-Aryans migrated through Bactria-Margiana area to Gandhara, followed by the rise of the Iron Age Yaz I culture (ca. 1500–1100 BCE), which has been closely associated with the culture depicted in the Avesta, the ancient religious texts of Zoroastrianism. The region, then known as "Ariana", fell to Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE, who conquered the areas to their east as far as the Indus River. Alexander the Great invaded the region in the 4th century BCE, who married Roxana in Bactria before his Kabul Valley campaign, where he faced resistance from Aspasioi and Assakan tribes. The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom became the eastern end of the Hellenistic world. Following the conquest by Mauryan Indians, Buddhism and Hinduism flourished in the region for centuries. The Kushan emperor Kanishka, who ruled from his twin capitals of Kapiśi and Puruṣapura, played an important role in the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China and Central Asia. Various other Buddhist dynasties originated from this region as well, including the Kidarites, Hephthalites, Alkhons, Nezaks, Zunbils and Turk Shahis.
Muslims brought Islam to Sassanian-held Herat and Zaranj in the mid-7th century, while fuller Islamization was achieved between the 9th and 12th centuries under the Saffarid, Samanid, Ghaznavid, and Ghurid dynasties. Parts of the region were later ruled by the Khwarazmian, Khalji, Timurid, Lodi, Sur, Mughal, and Safavid empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak dynasty, whose founder Mirwais Hotak declared southern Afghanistan independent in 1709. In 1747, Ahmad Shah Durrani established the Durrani Empire with its capital at Kandahar. In 1776, the Durrani capital was moved to Kabul while Peshawar became the winter capital; the latter was lost to Sikhs in 1823. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup, Afghanistan first became a socialist state, evoking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996, most of the country was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years; they were removed from power after the US invasion in 2001 but still control a significant portion of the country. The ongoing war between the government and the Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians.
Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
Afghanistan's Mineral Wealth
.
Afghanistan sits on $3 trillion in minerals - CaRe > .
History of Afghanistan summarized - Epim > .
Tech Companies Depend on China for Rare Earths. Can It Change? | WSJ > .
History of Afghanistan summarized - Epim > .
Papier-Mâché Tiger - Afghan Debacle ..
Rare Earths ↠
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.
All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell. There is some dispute on whether lanthanum or lutetium is a d-block element, but lutetium is usually considered so by those who study the matter; it is included due to its chemical similarities with the other 14. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.
In presentations of the periodic table, the f-block elements are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table, This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the 4f and 5f series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).
The 1985 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry "Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that "lanthanoid" is used rather than "lanthanide". The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current use, "lanthanide" is still allowed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide .
Currently (2016), there are only a few mines that supply the entire world's demand for REEs and most of them are located in China. The largest REE mine in the world, Bayan Obo, alone provides 40-50% of all REEs. In 2010, Bayan Obo and other REE mines in China provided approximately 97% of the global supply (Humphries, 2012).
In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup, Afghanistan first became a socialist state, evoking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996, most of the country was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years; they were removed from power after the US invasion in 2001 but still control a significant portion of the country. The ongoing war between the government and the Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians.
Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
Rare Earths ↠
The "rare earth" lanthanide series (more correctly, lanthanoid) series of chemical
elements comprises the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–71, from lanthanum through lutetium. These elements, along with the
chemically similar elements scandium and yttrium, are often collectively known as
the rare earth
elements.
The informal chemical symbol Ln is used in general discussions of lanthanide chemistry to refer to any lanthanide. They are called lanthanides because the elements in the series are chemically similar to lanthanum. Since "lanthanide" means "like lanthanum", it has been argued that lanthanum cannot logically be a lanthanide, but IUPAC acknowledges its inclusion based on common usage.
All but one of the lanthanides are f-block elements, corresponding to the filling of the 4f electron shell. There is some dispute on whether lanthanum or lutetium is a d-block element, but lutetium is usually considered so by those who study the matter; it is included due to its chemical similarities with the other 14. All lanthanide elements form trivalent cations, Ln3+, whose chemistry is largely determined by the ionic radius, which decreases steadily from lanthanum to lutetium.
In presentations of the periodic table, the f-block elements are customarily shown as two additional rows below the main body of the table, This convention is entirely a matter of aesthetics and formatting practicality; a rarely used wide-formatted periodic table inserts the 4f and 5f series in their proper places, as parts of the table's sixth and seventh rows (periods).
The 1985 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry "Red Book" (p. 45) recommends that "lanthanoid" is used rather than "lanthanide". The ending "-ide" normally indicates a negative ion. However, owing to wide current use, "lanthanide" is still allowed.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanide .
China no longer accounts for all of the global REE supply due to increased production in the rest of the world. There are only four REE-specific mines outside of China, two of which opened in the past year (~2015). Other mines worldwide only produce REEs as a byproduct. These REE-specific mines are Mountain Pass in the United States, Mount Weld in Australia, Lovozero in Russia, and Kerala in India. However, these mines are not the only locations of REE deposits.
As the demand for REEs increases, it will become both necessary and more economically feasible to mine in other locations. Although many additional deposits of REEs have been discovered - and their economic feasibility debated by many countries - it will continue to become important to find new deposits. Private funding will continue to be focused on junior exploration companies in an effort to increase known reserves.
The Geology of Rare Earth Elements .
The estimated average concentration of the rare earth elements in the Earth's crust, which ranges from around 150 to 220 parts per million, exceeds that of many other metals that are mined on an industrial scale, such as copper (55 parts per million) and zinc (70 parts per million). Unlike most commercially mined base and precious metals, however, rare earth elements are rarely concentrated into mineable ore deposits.
The principal concentrations of rare earth elements are associated with uncommon varieties of igneous rocks, namely alkaline rocks and carbonatites. Potentially useful concentrations of REE-bearing minerals are also found in placer deposits, residual deposits formed from deep weathering of igneous rocks, pegmatites, iron-oxide copper-gold deposits, and marine phosphates (Table 2).
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Central and South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest. Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in the "Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. In the First Anglo-Afghan War, the British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup, Afghanistan first became a socialist state, evoking the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s against mujahideen rebels. By 1996, most of the country was captured by the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban, who ruled as a totalitarian regime for over five years; they were removed from power after the US invasion in 2001 but still control a significant portion of the country. The ongoing war between the government and the Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians.
Afghanistan is a unitary presidential Islamic republic. The country has high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Group of 77, the Economic Cooperation Organization, and the Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking 169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
Al-Zawahiri ⇐ Justice
22-8-5 Understanding US military's drone strike strategy | Dr Sarah Kreps - Times > .
22-8-4 What is the Hellfire missile system? - Forces > .
22-8-4 What is the Hellfire missile system? - Forces > .
“When superstitious Bronze Age primitives invented God, they gave him every single human character flaw they had, because they simply projected their own uneducated thoughts onto their imaginary God.” ― Oliver Markus Malloy, Atheism Memes: 40 Reasons Why I'm An Atheist .
I am as firmly convinced that religions do harm as I am that they are untrue ~ Bertrand Russell
Of all the tyrannies that affect mankind, tyranny in religion is the worst ~ Thomas Paine .
"Religion doesn't make people bigots. People are bigots and they use religion to justify their ideology." — Reza Azlan, author and public intellectual
Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those which are caused by a difference of sentiments in religion appear to be the most inveterate and distressing, and ought to be deprecated. I was in hopes that the enlightened and liberal policy, which has marked the present age, would at least have reconciled Christians of every denomination so far that we should never again see the religious disputes carried to such a pitch as to endanger the peace of society. ~ George Washington .
Sunday, July 26, 2015
Central & South Asian -Stans
2021 Central Asia on the verge of a water war - Caspian > .
24-3-6 Could the Mossad Have Stopped Iran? | Unpacked > .
24-1-2 Stans: Why Central Asia Is So Big Yet So Weak - Versed > .
23-11-5 [XIR] Corrupt, Sanctioned Iran's Military, Proxies, Power Projection - Perun > .
23-10-10 Hamas: Gazan terrorist militants behind atrocities in Israel | ABC > .
23-10-14 [Nefarious Hybrid XIR "want to destroy America" Plot] - Versed > .
23-9-22 75-Yr Conflict India (+USSR) vs Pakistan (+USA) vs Kashmir (+X) - gtbt > .
23-9-14 Iran and Afghanistan headed to war over water? - Caspian > .
23-7-15 Why Pakistan's on the Brink of Collapse - T&P > .
23-7-2 Ruscia and Xina seek Eurasian dominance - CaspianReport > .
20-4-30 Why Pakistan's Geography Sucks - Real > .
23-5-2 Why Iran is Helping Ruscia’s Invasion of Ukraine - Real > .
23-3-13 Iran, Xina, Saudi Arabia - Influence Wangling - Update > .
23-1-26 Pan-Turkism & Turkey's Ambitions in Central Asia - gtbt > .
22-12-30 [Kurds] Why Turkey is Preparing to Invade Syria (Again) - Real > .
22-11-8 USSR/Ruscia Destroyed World's 4th Biggest Lake - Real > .
22-8-22 Does Afghanistan have a future? - Caspian Report > .
22-7-31 How PGII & IPEF could checkmate BRI - CaspianReport > .
23-1-10 1st anniversary of Elbasy’s ousting. Lessons for Pootin - Katz > .
22-1-13 Impact of Kazakh unrest: Kazakhstan-Russia-China relations - Lei > .
22-1-5 Gravitas: Kazakhstan is in a 'state of emergency' - WION > .
2022 Uzbekistan - Mac > .
GeoPol - Middle East, Stans - Bal >> .
Central Asia is a region in Asia which stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north, including the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. It is also colloquially referred to as "the stans" as the countries all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of".
Central Asia was historically closely tied to the Silk Road, acting as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe and Asia.
Pre- and early Islamic Central Asia was predominantly Iranian, populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae. After expansion by Turkic peoples, Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tatars, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Uyghurs; Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area.
From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was colonised by the Russians, and incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union, which led to Russians and other Slavs emigrating into the area. Modern-day Central Asia is home to a large population of European settlers, who mostly live in Kazakhstan; 7 million Russians, 500,000 Ukrainians, and about 170,000 Germans. Stalinist-era forced deportation policies also mean that over 300,000 Koreans live there.
Central Asia (2019) has a population of about 72 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. 18 million), Kyrgyzstan (6 million), Tajikistan (9 million), Turkmenistan (6 million), and Uzbekistan (33 million).
South Asia is the southern region of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethno-cultural terms. The region consists of the countries of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Topographically, it is dominated by the Indian Plate and defined largely by the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Pamir mountains on the north. The Amu Darya, which rises north of the Hindu Kush, forms part of the northwestern border. On land (clockwise), South Asia is bounded by Western Asia, Central Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia.
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia. South Asia covers about 5.2 million km2 (2.0 million sq mi), which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world's land surface area. The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one-fourth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world. Overall, it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, over 24% of the world's population, and is home to a vast array of people.
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest populations of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains and Zoroastrians. South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% of Hindus, 90.5% of Sikhs, and 31% of Muslims worldwide, as well as 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists.
Geography, Politics, History - Tense >> .
Geostrategic Projection - Indo-Pacific - Compass Rose >> .
Debt Diplomacy - Weighs >> .
Talibanistan, Tribalism, Terrorism ..
Seven countries in the region of Central Asia have the suffix "-stan": Afghanistan (South Asia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan (South Asia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The suffix derives from the Persian root -istan, or "land".
Central Asia was historically closely tied to the Silk Road, acting as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe and Asia.
Pre- and early Islamic Central Asia was predominantly Iranian, populated by Eastern Iranian-speaking Bactrians, Sogdians, Chorasmians and the semi-nomadic Scythians and Dahae. After expansion by Turkic peoples, Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tatars, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Uyghurs; Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area.
From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was colonised by the Russians, and incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union, which led to Russians and other Slavs emigrating into the area. Modern-day Central Asia is home to a large population of European settlers, who mostly live in Kazakhstan; 7 million Russians, 500,000 Ukrainians, and about 170,000 Germans. Stalinist-era forced deportation policies also mean that over 300,000 Koreans live there.
Central Asia (2019) has a population of about 72 million, consisting of five republics: Kazakhstan (pop. 18 million), Kyrgyzstan (6 million), Tajikistan (9 million), Turkmenistan (6 million), and Uzbekistan (33 million).
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia. South Asia covers about 5.2 million km2 (2.0 million sq mi), which is 11.71% of the Asian continent or 3.5% of the world's land surface area. The population of South Asia is about 1.891 billion or about one-fourth of the world's population, making it both the most populous and the most densely populated geographical region in the world. Overall, it accounts for about 39.49% of Asia's population, over 24% of the world's population, and is home to a vast array of people.
In 2010, South Asia had the world's largest populations of Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains and Zoroastrians. South Asia alone accounts for 98.47% of Hindus, 90.5% of Sikhs, and 31% of Muslims worldwide, as well as 35 million Christians and 25 million Buddhists.
2021 China's Five Year Plan
2021 China's latest 5-year plan - Stratfor > .
23-9-24 $6.5T Problem: BRI, Unproductive, Decaying Infrastructure | EcEx > .
23-8-9 Global Aging Institute: Xina's Accelerating Demographic Decline - Update > .
23-7-7 Xina, Japan - Impact of Demographic Decline - Real > .
23-6-29 New Chinese Demographic Data = Population COLLAPSE | PZ > .
23-1-20 Xina's 1st population drop in six decades - demographic crisis. | Digging > .
23-1-17 Xina Records First Population Drop in Decades | Focus > .
22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .
22-12-6 Xina’s Demographic crisis looms over Xi’s 3rd term | Peter Zeihan > .
22-12-5 China’s One-Child Policy Created Millions of Illegal Children - Uncensored > .
22-10-22 Xina's Population Has Peaked, 800 Million less by 2100 - gtbt > .
22-10-14 Young Xinese women remaining single by choice - Digging > .
22-8-17 Xina already in absolute population decline = coffins > cradles - Digging > .
22-2-18 How The One Child Policy Destroyed China - Versed > .
China - Rare Earth Control
.
Rare Earth Elements - ScSh > .
Vibranium Metal Real Life Examples | Inverse > .
Battle of Rare Earth Elements. Greenland Independence? - gtbt > .Vibranium Metal Real Life Examples | Inverse > .
The Rarest Element on Earth > .
The Search For Rare Earths > .
Xina's control of Rare Earth Mineral Processing - Stratfor > .
We're Running Out of These Elements — ScSh > .The Search For Rare Earths > .
Xina's control of Rare Earth Mineral Processing - Stratfor > .
China dominates the world's production and supply of rare earths - obscure elements that are vital for high tech manufacturing.
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 15 elements referred to as the lanthanide series in the periodic table of elements. Scandium and yttrium, while not true REEs, are also included in this categorization because they exhibit similar properties to the lanthanides and are always found in the same ore bodies. REEs are key components in many electronic devices that we use in our daily lives, as well as in a variety of industrial applications, including electronics, clean energy, aerospace, automotive and defence.
The manufacturing of magnets represents the single largest and most important end use for REEs, accounting for 21% of total consumption.
Comment: There is nothing rare about rare earths, they are in everybody's backyard. The real issues are: 1) Finding them in commercially viable concentrations (>300 parts per million (ppm)), and 2) Environmental concerns from the dirty rare earth refining process. Just last month North Dakota announced a huge find of greater than 2,570 ppm in a state survey of coal seams that are no longer viable as an energy source.
And the North Dakota State Geological Department has only taken 1,700 samples from a fraction of its coal seams. The US could easily find it has more rare earth reserves than China once you start looking for them. As recently as the 1980s the US produced about 90% of the World's rare earths. The problem is that cost-wise in terms of mining, extracting, and refining them and it's hard to compete with China not because they have huge reserves, but because Chinese producers have extremely low environmental standards and virtually bottomless supplies of Chinese government financing. It was this cost advantage, not the Chinese reserves which all but shut down US rare earth mining and refining operations in the 2000s.
It should also be noted that the US is the second largest producer of mined rare earth products in the world after China. 43,000 MT vs 210,000MT for China in 2021. The irony is nearly all mined rare earth in the US are sent to China for the final refining steps (A new refinery in Mountain Pass, CA is just being brought online). So most of those Chinese exports to the US are actually US-mined rare earths that were sent to China for refining and then re-exported to the US, if the US refined the rare earth it currently mines it would largely be self-sufficient in meeting its needs.
Monday, July 20, 2015
India-China Border Conflicts
2021 What the China-India Border Dispute is Really About - BlQu > .
24-4-5 Walls - Strife, Migrant Crises - Present Past > .
23-1-19 Sino-Indian Border Tensions - Update > .
23-12-23 Indian Defence Strategy: Forces, Potential, Procurement Disasters - Perun > .23-3-12 India controls Xina's main Chokepoint: Malacca Strait - Kamome > .
22-12-16 Xina vs India, Water Crisis, Xina Scared of India - BuBa > .
22-10-1 India Will Not Be The Next Xina - EcEx > .
22-8-23 Disruption in water cycle threatens the Earth | DW > .
22-3-24 India plays both sides with America and Russia - CaspianReport > .
22-2-15 DIME & China’s Taiwan Invasion? | Peter Zeihan @ Fort Benning Q & A > .
22-1-12 India's Armed Forces Special Powers Act - extended in Nagaland - Sengupta > .
2020 Tactical Advantage Pangong Lake | India China Border Standoff - Amit S > .
20-4-30 Why Pakistan's Geography Sucks - Real > .
Peninsular Rivers of India | Geography - Amit Sengupta > .
> Pakistan >>
Playlist on Afghanistan - Amit Sengupta >> .
Playlist on Afghanistan - Amit Sengupta >> .
The boundary between China and India represents the longest contested border on the planet. Confrontations between the two sides have turned deadly in recent years, as China becomes increasingly aggressive in the region.
Situated in the pristine foothills to the south of the Himalayan Mountains, is the disputed region of Arunachal Pradesh. Largely controlled and administered by India, 84,000 square kilometer Arunachal Pradesh is contested by India and China.
Arunachal Pradesh (lit. 'Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains') is an Indian state in Northeast India. It was formed from the erstwhile North-East Frontier Agency (NEFA) region, and became a state on 20 February 1987. It borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south. It shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Myanmar in the east, and a disputed border with China in the north at the McMahon Line. Itanagar is the state capital of Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh is the largest of the Seven Sister States of Northeast India by area. Arunachal Pradesh shares a 1,129 km border with China's Tibet Autonomous Region.
As of the 2011 Census of India, Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of 83,743 square kilometres (32,333 sq mi). It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly Monpa people in the west, Tani people in the center, Tai people in the east, and Naga people in the south of the state. About 45 tribes/sub-tribes live in the state. The main tribe of the state is Adi, Nyshi, Galo, Tagin, Apatani, and so forth. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi.
A major part of the state is claimed by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China as part of the region of South Tibet. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese People's Liberation Army. However, China withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.
It was described as a dialogue, the first high-level meeting in months between the Indian and Chinese foreign ministers to address the ongoing border aggressions that have pushed the two nuclear-armed countries to the brink of war.
In June 2020, following several months of rising tensions along the India-China border in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, 20 Indian soldiers and reportedly four Chinese soldiers were killed in the deadliest clash between the two countries in more than 50 years. Forbidden from firing weapons, the two sides instead fought on the icy mountain precipice of Galwan valley in medieval fashion, using spiked clubs and engaging in hand-to-hand combat, with several soldiers falling to their deaths.
The clash did not result in all-out declarations of war, but pledges of de-escalation and multiple rounds of failed military talks have instead been overshadowed by a year of troop, artillery and infrastructure buildup on both sides of the 2,100-mile border unlike at any other time in history, including when China invaded India in 1962.
India-China Border Conflicts ..
Indian Ocean ..
As of the 2011 Census of India, Arunachal Pradesh has a population of 1,382,611 and an area of 83,743 square kilometres (32,333 sq mi). It is an ethnically diverse state, with predominantly Monpa people in the west, Tani people in the center, Tai people in the east, and Naga people in the south of the state. About 45 tribes/sub-tribes live in the state. The main tribe of the state is Adi, Nyshi, Galo, Tagin, Apatani, and so forth. The Mishmi tribe has three sub-tribes, namely Idu-Mishmi, Digaru-Mishmi and Miju-Mishmi.
A major part of the state is claimed by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China as part of the region of South Tibet. During the 1962 Sino-Indian War, most of Arunachal Pradesh was captured and temporarily controlled by the Chinese People's Liberation Army. However, China withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963.
21-7-18 Tensions remain high as hopes dashed for breakthrough in China and India stalemate: Military build-up continues ‘like never before’ on both sides of 2,100-mile border despite high-level talks
In June 2020, following several months of rising tensions along the India-China border in the Himalayan region of Ladakh, 20 Indian soldiers and reportedly four Chinese soldiers were killed in the deadliest clash between the two countries in more than 50 years. Forbidden from firing weapons, the two sides instead fought on the icy mountain precipice of Galwan valley in medieval fashion, using spiked clubs and engaging in hand-to-hand combat, with several soldiers falling to their deaths.
The clash did not result in all-out declarations of war, but pledges of de-escalation and multiple rounds of failed military talks have instead been overshadowed by a year of troop, artillery and infrastructure buildup on both sides of the 2,100-mile border unlike at any other time in history, including when China invaded India in 1962.
Those hoping Wednesday’s meeting would help break a year-long stalemate ... were left unsatisfied. There was one point of agreement, however. As Wang Yi, the Chinese foreign minister, noted, “relations between India and China are still at a low point”.
India, Indian Ocean
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22-10-1 India Will Not Be The Next Xina - EcEx > .
The Prime Ministers of the UK and India are to announce a roadmap towards closer links between India and UK. May 2021’s maiden deployment of the UK’s Carrier Strike Group will see Britain conducting joint exercises with India, securing passage through trade routes and attending trade events. It is part of the Integrated Review’s Indo-Pacific focus, as the UK aims to become more involved in the region, with the military at its forefront.
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igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
