Showing posts with label North. Show all posts
Showing posts with label North. Show all posts
Friday, May 31, 2024
Friday, May 24, 2024
Economic Interests - Arctic
.
19-1-8 New Economy of the Warming Arctic > .
24-12-19 North America is preparing for an Arctic battle | CBC > .
24-7-16 (Failed) Race For The Arctic - gtbt > .
24-7-1 P00ti lost Ruscia's Arctic dominance to Xina & Baltic NATO forces | Forces > .23-7-23 Arctic is heating fast! - Just > . Arctic Straits > .
21-4-30 Is Russia Becoming Irrelevant? - CoCa > .
1 CE to 2024 Mapping History of the Arctic - Tigerstar > .
Monday, April 15, 2024
Nordic Council
24-7-16 (Failed) Race For The Arctic - gtbt > .
24-7-1 P00ti lost Ruscia's Arctic dominance to Xina & Baltic NATO forces | Forces > .23-10-3 Finland's 🇫🇮 impact on NATO - NATO > .
23-7-23 Arctic is heating fast! - Just > . Arctic Straits > .
22-12-10 Sweden's joining NATO would crush Russian power - Caspian > .
22-7-5 How Norway Became Insanely Rich - Dodging Oil Curse - Casual Scholar > .
22-6-12 Estonian Military Vulnerabilities - Task > .
22-6-12 Estonian Military Vulnerabilities - Task > .
22-3-10 Sweden's pro-NATO reaction to Russian aggression - Force Tech > .
22-2-22 Poland vs. France: Can EU Create Alternative to NATO? - VisPol > .
Sweden's Strategic Posture. Will the Swedes Join NATO? - gtbt > .> Nordic Militaries >>
2020 Economy of Sweden - EcEx > .
1 CE to 2024 Mapping History of the Arctic - Tigerstar > .
> EuM - European Defense >> EU Army?
Nordic societies
24-4-5 Denmark - The State of Happiness - Lesley Riddoch > .
In 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers, an intergovernmental forum, was established to complement the council. The Council and the Council of Ministers are involved in various forms of cooperation with neighbouring areas in Northern Europe, including the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, the Benelux countries, the Baltic states and Russia.
During WW2, Denmark and Norway were occupied by Germany; Finland was under assault by the Soviet Union; while Sweden, though neutral, still felt the war's effects. Following WW2, the Nordic countries pursued the idea of a Scandinavian defence union to ensure their mutual defence. However, Finland, due to its Paasikivi-Kekkonen policy of neutrality and FCMA treaty with the USSR, could not participate.
It was proposed that the Nordic countries would unify their foreign policy and defence, remain neutral in the event of a conflict and not ally with NATO, which some were planning at the time. The United States, keen on getting access to bases in Scandinavia and believing the Nordic countries incapable of defending themselves, stated it would not ensure military support for Scandinavia if they did not join NATO. As Denmark and Norway sought US aid for their post-war reconstruction, the project collapsed, with Denmark, Norway and Iceland joining NATO.
Further Nordic co-operation, such as an economic customs union, also failed. This led Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft to propose, in 1951, a consultative inter-parliamentary body. This proposal was agreed by Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden in 1952. The council's first session was held in the Danish Parliament on 13 February 1953 and it elected Hans Hedtoft as its president. When Finnish-Soviet relations thawed following the death of Joseph Stalin, Finland joined the council in 1955.
On 2 July 1954, the Nordic labour market was created and in 1958, building upon a 1952 passport-free travel area, the Nordic Passport Union was created. These two measures helped ensure Nordic citizens' free movement around the area. A Nordic Convention on Social Security was implemented in 1955. There were also plans for a single market but they were abandoned in 1959 shortly before Denmark, Norway, and Sweden joined the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). Finland became an associated member of EFTA in 1961 and Denmark and Norway applied to join the European Economic Community (EEC).
This move towards the EEC led to desire for a formal Nordic treaty. The Helsinki Treaty outlined the workings of the council and came into force on 24 March 1962. Further advancements on Nordic cooperation were made in the following years: a Nordic School of Public Health, a Nordic Cultural Fund, and Nordic House in Reykjavík were created. Danish Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard proposed full economic cooperation ("Nordek") in 1968. Nordek was agreed in 1970, but Finland then backtracked, stating that its ties with the Soviet Union meant it could not form close economic ties with potential members of the EEC (Denmark and Norway). Nordek was then abandoned.
As a consequence, Denmark and Norway applied to join the EEC and the Nordic Council of Ministers was set up in 1971 to ensure continued Nordic cooperation. In 1970 representatives of the Faroe Islands and Åland were allowed to take part in the Nordic Council as part of the Danish and Finnish delegations. Norway turned down EEC membership in 1972 while Denmark acted as a bridge builder between the EEC and the Nordics. Also in 1973, although it did not opt for full membership of the EEC, Finland negotiated a free trade treaty with the EEC that in practice removed customs duties from 1977 on, although there were transition periods up to 1985 for some products. Sweden did not apply due to its non-alliance policy, which was aimed at preserving neutrality. Greenland subsequently left the EEC and has since sought a more active role in circumpolar affairs.
In the 1970s, the Nordic Council founded the Nordic Industrial Fund, Nordtest and the Nordic Investment Bank. The council's remit was also expanded to include environmental protection and, in order to clean up the pollution in the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic, a joint energy network was established. The Nordic Science Policy Council was set up in 1983 and, in 1984, representatives from Greenland were allowed to join the Danish delegation.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Nordic Council began to cooperate more with the Baltic states and new Baltic Sea organisations. Sweden and Finland joined the European Union (EU), the EEC's successor, in 1995. Norway had also applied, but once again voted against membership. However, Norway and Iceland did join the European Economic Area (EEA) which integrated them economically with the EU. The Nordic Passport Union was also subsumed into the EU's Schengen Area in 1996.
The Nordic Council became more outward-looking, to the Arctic, Baltic, Europe, and Canada. The Øresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark led to a large amount of cross-border travel, which in turn led to further efforts to reduce barriers. However, the initially envisioned tasks and functions of the Nordic Council have become partially dormant due to the significant overlap with the EU and EEA. In 2008 Iceland began EU membership talks, but decided to annul these in 2015. Unlike the Benelux, there is no explicit provision in the Treaty on European Union that takes into account Nordic co-operation. However, the Treaties provide that international agreements concluded by the Member States before they become members of the Union remain valid, even if they are contrary to the provisions of Union law. However, each Member State must take all necessary measures to eliminate any discrepancies as quickly as possible. Nordic co-operation can therefore in practice only be designed to the extent that it complies with Union law.
Arctic Cooperation and Politics .
Baltic region .
Baltoscandia .
Baltic Assembly .
Benelux .
Council of the Baltic Sea States .
European Union .
Frugal Four .
NB8 .
Nordic Council Children and Young People's Literature Prize .
Nordic Council's Literature Prize .
Nordic Council Film Prize .
Nordic Council Environment Prize .
Nordic Council Music Prize .
Nordic Identity in Estonia .
Nordic Passport Union .
Nordic Summer University .
Nordic Youth Council .
Nordic countries .
West Nordic Council .
Macroeconomic topics ..
● Economic Geopolitics ..
EU 2023 ..
Nordic Council ..
North Sea ..
Norway 2021 ..
The Nordic Council is the official body for formal inter-parliamentary Nordic cooperation among the Nordic countries. Formed in 1952, it has 87 representatives from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden as well as from the autonomous areas of the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and the Åland Islands. The representatives are members of parliament in their respective countries or areas and are elected by those parliaments. The Council holds ordinary sessions each year in October/November and usually one extra session per year with a specific theme. The council's official languages are Danish, Finnish, Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish, though it uses only the mutually intelligible Scandinavian languages—Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish—as its working languages. These three comprise the first language of around 80% of the region's population and are learned as a second or foreign language by the remaining 20%.
In 1971, the Nordic Council of Ministers, an intergovernmental forum, was established to complement the council. The Council and the Council of Ministers are involved in various forms of cooperation with neighbouring areas in Northern Europe, including the German state of Schleswig-Holstein, the Benelux countries, the Baltic states and Russia.
It was proposed that the Nordic countries would unify their foreign policy and defence, remain neutral in the event of a conflict and not ally with NATO, which some were planning at the time. The United States, keen on getting access to bases in Scandinavia and believing the Nordic countries incapable of defending themselves, stated it would not ensure military support for Scandinavia if they did not join NATO. As Denmark and Norway sought US aid for their post-war reconstruction, the project collapsed, with Denmark, Norway and Iceland joining NATO.
Further Nordic co-operation, such as an economic customs union, also failed. This led Danish Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft to propose, in 1951, a consultative inter-parliamentary body. This proposal was agreed by Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden in 1952. The council's first session was held in the Danish Parliament on 13 February 1953 and it elected Hans Hedtoft as its president. When Finnish-Soviet relations thawed following the death of Joseph Stalin, Finland joined the council in 1955.
On 2 July 1954, the Nordic labour market was created and in 1958, building upon a 1952 passport-free travel area, the Nordic Passport Union was created. These two measures helped ensure Nordic citizens' free movement around the area. A Nordic Convention on Social Security was implemented in 1955. There were also plans for a single market but they were abandoned in 1959 shortly before Denmark, Norway, and Sweden joined the European Free Trade Area (EFTA). Finland became an associated member of EFTA in 1961 and Denmark and Norway applied to join the European Economic Community (EEC).
This move towards the EEC led to desire for a formal Nordic treaty. The Helsinki Treaty outlined the workings of the council and came into force on 24 March 1962. Further advancements on Nordic cooperation were made in the following years: a Nordic School of Public Health, a Nordic Cultural Fund, and Nordic House in Reykjavík were created. Danish Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard proposed full economic cooperation ("Nordek") in 1968. Nordek was agreed in 1970, but Finland then backtracked, stating that its ties with the Soviet Union meant it could not form close economic ties with potential members of the EEC (Denmark and Norway). Nordek was then abandoned.
As a consequence, Denmark and Norway applied to join the EEC and the Nordic Council of Ministers was set up in 1971 to ensure continued Nordic cooperation. In 1970 representatives of the Faroe Islands and Åland were allowed to take part in the Nordic Council as part of the Danish and Finnish delegations. Norway turned down EEC membership in 1972 while Denmark acted as a bridge builder between the EEC and the Nordics. Also in 1973, although it did not opt for full membership of the EEC, Finland negotiated a free trade treaty with the EEC that in practice removed customs duties from 1977 on, although there were transition periods up to 1985 for some products. Sweden did not apply due to its non-alliance policy, which was aimed at preserving neutrality. Greenland subsequently left the EEC and has since sought a more active role in circumpolar affairs.
In the 1970s, the Nordic Council founded the Nordic Industrial Fund, Nordtest and the Nordic Investment Bank. The council's remit was also expanded to include environmental protection and, in order to clean up the pollution in the Baltic Sea and the North Atlantic, a joint energy network was established. The Nordic Science Policy Council was set up in 1983 and, in 1984, representatives from Greenland were allowed to join the Danish delegation.
Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Nordic Council began to cooperate more with the Baltic states and new Baltic Sea organisations. Sweden and Finland joined the European Union (EU), the EEC's successor, in 1995. Norway had also applied, but once again voted against membership. However, Norway and Iceland did join the European Economic Area (EEA) which integrated them economically with the EU. The Nordic Passport Union was also subsumed into the EU's Schengen Area in 1996.
The Nordic Council became more outward-looking, to the Arctic, Baltic, Europe, and Canada. The Øresund Bridge linking Sweden and Denmark led to a large amount of cross-border travel, which in turn led to further efforts to reduce barriers. However, the initially envisioned tasks and functions of the Nordic Council have become partially dormant due to the significant overlap with the EU and EEA. In 2008 Iceland began EU membership talks, but decided to annul these in 2015. Unlike the Benelux, there is no explicit provision in the Treaty on European Union that takes into account Nordic co-operation. However, the Treaties provide that international agreements concluded by the Member States before they become members of the Union remain valid, even if they are contrary to the provisions of Union law. However, each Member State must take all necessary measures to eliminate any discrepancies as quickly as possible. Nordic co-operation can therefore in practice only be designed to the extent that it complies with Union law.
Baltic region .
Baltoscandia .
Baltic Assembly .
Benelux .
Council of the Baltic Sea States .
European Union .
Frugal Four .
NB8 .
Nordic Council Children and Young People's Literature Prize .
Nordic Council's Literature Prize .
Nordic Council Film Prize .
Nordic Council Environment Prize .
Nordic Council Music Prize .
Nordic Identity in Estonia .
Nordic Passport Union .
Nordic Summer University .
Nordic Youth Council .
Nordic countries .
West Nordic Council .
Ruscism ..
Saturday, January 15, 2022
NATO ➾ 2022
22-1-15 Finland and Sweden consider NATO membership - Caspian > .
23-8-20 NATO's Rearmament & Spending - NATO's R-U Response - Perun > .
23-7-6 What’s Blocking Sweden’s NATO Membership? | WSJ > .
23-6-18 Procurement vs Efficacy - Requirements, R&D pitfalls - Perun > .
23-2-3 Fiona Hill - NATO = Barrier to Pooti's Imperial Ambitions - SC > .
23-1-30 Inside Polish Armored Infantry (Squad to Division) - Battle > .
23-1-26 Germany's military in dire state. Fix? | DW > .
23-1-8 War Economies - Russia and Ukraine won't collapse tomorrow - Perun > .
22-12-10 Sweden's joining NATO would crush Russian power - Caspian > .
22-11-27 Polish military modernisation & buying Korean kit - Perun > .
22-11-25 US Military's Biggest Crisis = Recruitment, Retention, Training - nwyt > .
22-10-21 Response if Russia uses a nuclear weapon in Ukraine? - J K-L > .
22-10-19 How NATO Solves Its Abandonment Problem - Spaniel > .
22-10-7 What If Pootin Nukes Ukraine? - OBF > .
22-10-1 America's Missile Defense Problem - Poly > .
22-8-6 Kaliningrad: russian thorn in NATO's side - Nova Lectio > .
22-8-6 How Many BCTs can the US Army Form for a Large Scale War? - CoCa > .
22-7-22 Poland could become strongest land force in the EU - Binkov > .
22-7-21 How the economy of Russia is dying (English subtitles) - Максим Кац > .
22-7-5 Kaliningrad Stand-Off - Lithuania vs Russia - gtbt > .
22-12-29 German Rearmament: Is it going wrong? - mah > .
22-6-30 Russia's Cyberattack on Lithuania ~ NATO's Deeper Problems - Spaniel > .
22-6-29 2022 adjusted MoD's Military Budget - UK > .
22-6-28 Jacek Bartosiak - Kaliningrad, Suwalki Gap - Ruscia, Poland, Ukraine - S&F > .
22-6-24 Russia's Kaliningrad Problem with Lithuania = Ukraine 2.0-ish - Spaniel > .
22-6-21 Kaliningrad at center of dispute between Russia and Lithuania | DW > .
22-6-21 Lithuania enforces sanctions on Ruscist shipments to Kaliningrad - Denys > .
22-12-30 Suwalki Gap: NATO's Weakest Point? | BFBS > .
Comment 22-4-18 Finnish defenses, possibility of joining NATO.
Comment 1 - 22-4-14.
Finland has made the thought of invading it incredibly costly. Finland can mobilize more than half a million trained soldiers from a population of 5,5 million. Every building above a certain size has a bomb shelter. Every bridge is designed with slots that make destroying them with explosives easy. Finland has prepared for an invasion since the second world war and has enough guns to hand every willing person a East-German AK and tell them to camp in the forest.
And what would Russia gain from invading Finland? Finland has little natural resources, there are only a few million people and Finland's location is not that strategically useful all things considered. The main philosophy behind Finnish deference is a cost benefit analysis. What would a potential invader gain and what would it cost?
The reason behind the move towards NATO is partly fear yes, but also the benefit of remaining neutral is not that great to Finland anymore. During the cold war Finland benefited from being able to trade with both east and west but now that Finland is in the EU Finland has to follow the EU sanctions. It is impossible to sit on the fence anymore.
Comment 2 - 22-4-14.
22-4-1 Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Sparking NATO Defense Spending Spree? > .
22-3-31 The weapons Ukraine uses against Russia - CaspianReport > .
22-3-30 How will Germany spend its massive €100 billion military budget? | DW > .
22-3-23 Polish citizens join army b/o Russian invasion of Ukraine - BBC > .
22-3-20 Europe's Rearming to defend itself against Russia: New era for EU? - VisPol > .
22-3-12 No-Fly Zone Ukraine - Can it be done? Is it smart? - CoCa > .
22-3-11 Sanctions, Tech-Denial, Psychology of Isolated Russia | Kotkin | New Yorker > .
22-3-10 Sweden's pro-NATO reaction to Russian aggression - Force Tech > .
22-2-24 Global Power Rivalry | Michael Buckley > .
22-2-19 Why Germany [daren't] help Ukraine (against Russia) - CaspianReport > .
22-2-11 High Resolution - Russia's Gamble in Ukraine - CSIS > .
22-2-11 Why Is it Not in Russia's Interest to Invade Ukraine? - VisPol > .
22-2-7 What Russia (Putin) wants from Ukraine - VisPol > .
22-1-28 Gravitas: Has Putin overplayed his hand? - WION > .
22-1-28 Gravitas: Has Putin overplayed his hand? - WION > .
Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..Finland has made the thought of invading it incredibly costly. Finland can mobilize more than half a million trained soldiers from a population of 5,5 million. Every building above a certain size has a bomb shelter. Every bridge is designed with slots that make destroying them with explosives easy. Finland has prepared for an invasion since the second world war and has enough guns to hand every willing person a East-German AK and tell them to camp in the forest.
And what would Russia gain from invading Finland? Finland has little natural resources, there are only a few million people and Finland's location is not that strategically useful all things considered. The main philosophy behind Finnish deference is a cost benefit analysis. What would a potential invader gain and what would it cost?
The reason behind the move towards NATO is partly fear yes, but also the benefit of remaining neutral is not that great to Finland anymore. During the cold war Finland benefited from being able to trade with both east and west but now that Finland is in the EU Finland has to follow the EU sanctions. It is impossible to sit on the fence anymore.
I'm a Finnish person myself, and I have from the very moment Russia started rattling its saber against Finland that now would be the time to join the NATO. The only real consequences they could impose right now are economic ones, as they are preoccupied with killing Ukrainian civvies and could not realistically attack Finland. And so, between being threatened by Kremlin on a semi-weekly basis and seeing what happened to other countries attempting to remain neutral (although not a part of the EU), I believe that NATO membership's gotta be now or never.
Saturday, May 16, 2020
Friday, November 1, 2019
39-9-1 The Polish German War 39-10-6
Why didn't France attack Germany in 1939? - skip ad > .
World War II: The Invasion of Poland and the Winter War .
World War II: The Invasion of Poland and the Winter War .
The Atlantic - Retrospective World War II .
Vox - Nazi Invasion of Poland .
> History of Poland >>
Vox - Nazi Invasion of Poland .
> History of Poland >>
23-12-23 Why Poland is Divided - Present Past > .
24-3-14 German-Polish Tensions - Modern > .
Friday, October 18, 2019
Sunday, September 9, 2018
Friday, September 29, 2017
Cold Tensions - Baltic, Nordic
.
History of the Cold War: Every Month - Dec '45 to Dec '91 > .Berlin Wall: Escaping for Freedom and Love - Geographics > .
Cold Tensions - Baltic, Nordic ..
Saturday, September 2, 2017
BoP - Arctic
1 CE to 2024 Mapping History of the Arctic - Tigerstar > .
2021
BoP - Americas (Arctic) ..
BoP - Arctic ..
BoP - BRICS, Russia ..
BoP - China, NATO, Russia ..
BoP - EU, NATO, UN ..
BoP - Economics ..
BoP - NATO vs Russia ..
BoP - Nordic, Baltic, NATO ..
BoP - Politics, Geopolitics ..
BoP - War = Failure of Diplomacy ..
þBoP - Arctic - tb >> .BoP - China, NATO, Russia ..
BoP - EU, NATO, UN ..
BoP - Economics ..
BoP - NATO vs Russia ..
BoP - Nordic, Baltic, NATO ..
BoP - Politics, Geopolitics ..
BoP - War = Failure of Diplomacy ..
Friday, September 1, 2017
Monday, April 3, 2017
45-9-4 Forgotten German Unit Surrenders
A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September , 1945, two days after the Surrender of Japan.
The Forgotten Wehrmacht Unit | Last Germans to Surrender after WW2 > .
On the 7th of May 1945, the German General Alfred Jodl signed the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany at the Allied headquarters in Reims, France. It meant the Second World War had come to an end, at least, in the European theatre of war.
But… the war didn’t end for a small Wehrmacht unit consisting of 11 men that were housed at Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. The Wehrmacht unit was tasked with a secret mission named Operation Haudegen. They had to establish meteorological stations on Svalbard. In the chaos following the German capitulation, this Wehrmacht unit was forgotten… And these men would eventually, stuck on an island in the freezing cold, far from civilization, months after Germany’s capitulation. They would become the last German soldiers to surrender after the Second World War.
Hitler’s Holdouts – Meet the Last German Troops to Surrender in WW2:
VE Plus 119 - The very last German troops of the Second World War to call it quits turned themselves in to a band of Norwegian seal hunters on the remote Bear Island in the Barents Sea on Sept. 4, 1945 – nearly four months after VE Day! The small detachment had been sent to the distant Arctic outpost to establish a weather station sometime late in the war. Having lost radio contact with headquarters in May. They gave up without a fight.
On the 7th of May 1945, the German General Alfred Jodl signed the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany at the Allied headquarters in Reims, France. It meant the Second World War had come to an end, at least, in the European theatre of war.
Hitler’s Holdouts – Meet the Last German Troops to Surrender in WW2:
VE Plus 119 - The very last German troops of the Second World War to call it quits turned themselves in to a band of Norwegian seal hunters on the remote Bear Island in the Barents Sea on Sept. 4, 1945 – nearly four months after VE Day! The small detachment had been sent to the distant Arctic outpost to establish a weather station sometime late in the war. Having lost radio contact with headquarters in May. They gave up without a fight.
Thursday, January 19, 2017
40-12-18 Directive 21 - Barbarossa
Directive 21, German Invasion of Russia, Barbarossa - Dec 18, 1940 > .
Operation Barbarossa WW2: Why Hitler failed to defeat Russia - IWM > .
Operation Barbarossa WW2: Why Hitler failed to defeat Russia - IWM > .
Translation of Directive #21 as written by Adolf Hitler, ordering German forces to prepare an attack on Soviet Russia in 1941, designated Operation Barbarossa. The orders also outline the overall operational goals and considerations in the coming operation for each branch of the armed forces of Germany, as well as those of their allies (primarily Finland and Romania). Launched by Hitler's order on June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa became the single largest land battle in history, and the stalemate and eventual defeat that resulted for Germany signalled the beginning of the end for the Third Reich.
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during WW2. The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans. The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the conquered as slave labour for the Axis war effort, to acquire the oil reserves of the Caucasus and the agricultural resources of Soviet territories, and eventually to annihilate the Slavic peoples and create Lebensraum for Germany.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa .
Pre-Barbarossa invasion:
During WW2, the Barbarossa decree was one of the Wehrmacht criminal orders given on 13 May 1941, shortly before Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The decree was laid out by Adolf Hitler during a high level meeting with military officials on March 30, 1941, where he declared that war against Soviet Russia would be a war of extermination, in which both the political and intellectual elites of Russia would be eradicated by German forces, in order to ensure a long-lasting German victory. Hitler underlined that executions would not be a matter for military courts, but for the organised action of the military. The decree, issued by Field Marshal Keitel a few weeks before Operation Barbarossa, exempted punishable offenses committed by enemy civilians (in Russia) from the jurisdiction of military justice. Suspects were to be brought before an officer who would decide if they were to be shot. Prosecution of offenses against civilians by members of the Wehrmacht was decreed to be "not required" unless necessary for the maintenance of discipline.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives .
40-12-18 Directive 21 - Barbarossa ..
41-6-22 Operation Barbarossa 41-12-5 ..
41-6-22 Unternehmen Barbarossa ..
Saturday, December 31, 2016
● Interbellum >> series
Appeasement, Isolationism vs Autocrats - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - economics, society - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - technology - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - economics, society - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - technology - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - treaties - RaWa >> .
Women - WW1, interbellum - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Asia - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Eastern Europe, USSR - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Italy, Mediterranean - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Germany - RaWa >> .
Women - WW1, interbellum - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Asia - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Eastern Europe, USSR - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Italy, Mediterranean - RaWa >> .
Interbellum - Germany - RaWa >> .
Saturday, August 6, 2016
Western Colonialism and Decolonisation
Decolonization: Crash Course European History #43 > .
How did The British Empire rule the World? > .
21-7-24 Global Britain: Old Idea. Ripe for Comeback? Royal Navy - Explore > .
European History - CrCo >> .
Struggles for Independence - RaWa >> .
1848 European Tensions, WW1, Versailles 1919 ..
Australian States, Territories - 1900+ ..
British Empire - rise, decline ..
Decolonization ..
Western Colonialism and Decolonisation ..
European History - CrCo >> .
Struggles for Independence - RaWa >> .
Australian States, Territories - 1900+ ..
British Empire - rise, decline ..
Decolonization ..
Western Colonialism and Decolonisation ..
Sunday, January 11, 2015
Russia vs Baltics (NATO)
Collapse, Economic Recovery of Baltic Tigers - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - VisPol > .
20-4-30 Poland's strategy of the Intermarium - Caspian > .20-3-24 Europe’s plan to checkmate Russia - Caspian > .
Baltic-Carpathian Alliance (Intermarium 2.0)
23-8-31 Poland: powerhouse in the making - Caspian > .
22-12-30 Suwalki Gap: NATO's Weakest Point? | BFBS > .
21-4-30 Is Russia Becoming Irrelevant? - CoCa > .
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
