Showing posts with label rescue. Show all posts
Showing posts with label rescue. Show all posts
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
MHS - Ministry of Home Security
The Ministry of Home Security was a British government department established in 1939 to direct national civil defence (primarily tasked with organising air raid precautions) during the Second World War. The Ministry for Home Security was headed by Sir John Anderson the Home Secretary and Minister of Home Security. The Ministry's responsibilities covered all central and regional civil defence organisations (such as air raid wardens, rescue squads, fire services, and the Women’s Voluntary Service). It was also responsible for giving approval to local ARP schemes, and providing public shelters.
The Ministry (run under the auspices of the Home Office) produced hundreds of leaflets that were delivered to the population advising on how to deal with the impending air raids. It also managed propaganda poster campaigns to encourage, amongst other things, the carrying of gas masks and for volunteers to join civil defence groups like the Fire Guards.
In October 1940, Sir John Anderson was replaced by Herbert Morrison in a reshuffle precipitated by Chamberlain's resignation over ill-health. Anderson became Lord President of the Council and full member of the War Cabinet.
With the Allied victory in Europe the Ministry was disbanded in May 1945.
.......
John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC, PC (Ire), FRS (8 July 1882 – 4 January 1958) was a British civil servant and politician who is best known for his service in the Cabinet during the Second World War, for which he was nicknamed the "Home Front Prime Minister". He served as Home Secretary, Lord President of the Council and Chancellor of the Exchequer. Anderson shelters are named after him.
.......
During the inter-war period, he was Minister of Transport during the 1929-31 Labour Government, then, after losing his seat in Parliament in 1931, became Leader of the London County Council in the 1930s. Returning to the Commons in 1935, he was defeated by Clement Attlee in the Labour leadership election that year, but later acted as Home Secretary in the wartime coalition.
Morrison had to take many potentially unpopular and controversial decisions by the nature of wartime circumstances. On 21 January 1941, he banned the Daily Worker for opposing war with Germany and supporting the Soviet Union. The ban lasted for a total of 18 months before it was rescinded.
The arrival of black American troops caused concern in the government, leading Morrison, the Home Secretary, to comment "I am fully conscious that a difficult social problem might be created if there were a substantial number of sex relations between white women and coloured troops and the procreation of half-caste children." That was in a memorandum for the cabinet in 1942. In 1942, Morrison was confronted with an appeal from the Central British Fund for German Jewry (now World Jewish Relief) to admit 350 Jewish children from Vichy France. Although Case Anton ensured the scheme's failure, Morrison had been reluctant to accept it beforehand, wanting to avoid provoking the ‘anti-foreign and anti-semitic feeling which was quite certainly latent in this country (and in some isolated cases not at all latent)’.
In 1943, he ran for the post of Treasurer of the Labour Party but lost a close contest to Arthur Greenwood.
......
During the Second World War Jacob Bronowski worked in operations research for the UK's Ministry of Home Security, where he developed mathematical approaches to bombing strategy for RAF Bomber Command.
Friday, May 24, 2019
European: Battle of Aachen 44-10-2_21
.Aachen 1944 - America's Mini Stalingrad > .
The Battle of Aachen was a major combat action of World War II, fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 2-21 October 1944. The city had been incorporated into the Siegfried Line, the main defensive network on Germany's western border; the Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and advance into the industrialized Ruhr Basin. Although most of Aachen's civilian population was evacuated before the battle began, much of the city was destroyed and both sides suffered heavy losses. It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II, and the first city on German soil to be captured by the Allies. The battle ended with a German surrender, but their tenacious defense significantly disrupted Allied plans for the advance into Germany.
Thursday, April 11, 2019
Refugee Children Movement - 38-12-2
The term "kindertransport" is also sometimes used for the rescue of mainly Jewish children, but without their parents, from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia to the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An example is the 1,000 Chateau de La Hille children who went to Belgium. However, often, the "kindertransport" is used to refer to the organised programme to the United Kingdom.
World Jewish Relief (then called the Central British Fund for German Jewry) was established in 1933 to support in whatever way possible the needs of Jews both in Germany and Austria. Records for many of the children who arrived in the UK through the Kindertransports are maintained by World Jewish Relief.
The British Kindertransport programme was unique – no other country had a similar programme. In the United States, the Wagner–Rogers Bill was introduced in Congress, but due to much [xenophobic] opposition, it never left committee.
Monday, February 25, 2019
40-5-25 Dunkirk Evacuation - Dynamo 40-6-4
Miracle Of Dunkirk: Operation That Saved Britain | War Stories > .
Dunkirk Evacuation - Megaprojects > .
Dunkirk - tb >> .
Dunkirk, Dynamo, Little Ships - anth >> .
The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers during World War II from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week long Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called this "a colossal military disaster", saying "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his "we shall fight on the beaches" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation
The 'romantic' image of Dunkirk surrounds the armada of 'Little Ships' and the lifting of troops from the beaches. The reality was that the key to the evacuation was the Eastern Mole (pier) at Dunkirk harbour, the destroyers of the Royal Navy and the large troop transport ships and ferries. It is estimated that two-thirds of those rescued were evacuated by these means. Six Royal Navy destroyers were sunk in these operations and a number of the transports and ferries were also lost. Not only did the vessels have to run the gauntlet of round-the-clock air attacks during daylight hours, but inshore, they were also within the range of German artillery. Offshore, the ever-present threat of German mines and U-Boats and E-Boats of the German Kriegsmarine also made attacks on Allied shipping and sunk two British destroyers.
However, we should not underplay the role of the civilian craft involved. Time did not allow the evacuation of all of the troops via the Eastern Mole and hence, evacuation from the beaches was a necessity. With the beaches at Dunkirk shelving so gently, it was vital that small craft were available to rescue men either directly, or to ferry them to larger vessels waiting offshore. This heroic collection of small vessels, not built for war, was sourced from the rivers and coastal waters of south-east England. Among their ranks were river launches, old sailing and rowing RNLI lifeboats, yachts, pleasure steamers, fishing boats, commercial sailing barges and Thames fire boats. Many of these craft had never even been to sea before.
Some of the 'Little Ships' were formally chartered and some, where owners could not be contacted, were simply commandeered by naval crews. A number were sailed by serving Royal Navy personnel, but many others had civilian crew members or were entirely civilian crewed. Other boats with their civilian crews simply responded to the growing crisis and their contribution was never officially recorded. While tugs towed some across, many made the journey under their own steam with little protection from the marauding Luftwaffe. Unlit and unable to comprehend or respond to naval signals, they were arguably just as vulnerable to becoming victims of 'friendly fire' in the dangerous waters off the French and Belgian coastlines. Of the 700-odd officially recorded 'Little Ships', over 100 never made it home and were part of the 220 vessels lost during the evacuation. However, notwithstanding these losses, their contribution to the rescue of 338, 000 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk had been invaluable and their achievements have gone into national folklore.
Another popular misconception was that the troops evacuated from Dunkirk were all transported to the port of Dover. While Dover was the major centre for Royal Navy and transport ships, other coastal ports and harbours in Kent were also extensively used. Folkestone was used to berth many of the returning passenger ferries. Ramsgate was the main hub for the 'Little Ships' and estimates are that almost 43,000 troops were landed there. Margate, with its harbour and pier, received many of the passenger ships and paddle steamers and estimates are that around 38,000 servicemen were moved by special trains from Margate station. Deal and Sheerness also received much smaller numbers of troops and finally, Newhaven in East Sussex continued to be used as a base for a number of hospital ships
As far as French ships participating in Operation Dynamo were concerned, many were ordered not to England but to disembark troops further down the French coast at ports such as Le Havre and Cherbourg. Many of the French troops evacuated were rapidly transported to ports in the south-west of England. From there they were shipped to the western coast of France to carry on the fight. Given the effort which had gone into rescuing these troops, the fact that the vast bulk would be lost in the following 3-4 weeks was little short of tragic.
http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_187
Dynamo - Dover
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_jbtrp7Zls
Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay: Dunkirk mastermind museum approved .
What happened to the French army after Dunkirk
Dunkirk - tb >> .
Dunkirk, Dynamo, Little Ships - anth >> .
The Dunkirk evacuation, code-named Operation Dynamo, also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers during World War II from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week long Battle of France. In a speech to the House of Commons, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called this "a colossal military disaster", saying "the whole root and core and brain of the British Army" had been stranded at Dunkirk and seemed about to perish or be captured. In his "we shall fight on the beaches" speech on 4 June, he hailed their rescue as a "miracle of deliverance".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation
The 'romantic' image of Dunkirk surrounds the armada of 'Little Ships' and the lifting of troops from the beaches. The reality was that the key to the evacuation was the Eastern Mole (pier) at Dunkirk harbour, the destroyers of the Royal Navy and the large troop transport ships and ferries. It is estimated that two-thirds of those rescued were evacuated by these means. Six Royal Navy destroyers were sunk in these operations and a number of the transports and ferries were also lost. Not only did the vessels have to run the gauntlet of round-the-clock air attacks during daylight hours, but inshore, they were also within the range of German artillery. Offshore, the ever-present threat of German mines and U-Boats and E-Boats of the German Kriegsmarine also made attacks on Allied shipping and sunk two British destroyers.
However, we should not underplay the role of the civilian craft involved. Time did not allow the evacuation of all of the troops via the Eastern Mole and hence, evacuation from the beaches was a necessity. With the beaches at Dunkirk shelving so gently, it was vital that small craft were available to rescue men either directly, or to ferry them to larger vessels waiting offshore. This heroic collection of small vessels, not built for war, was sourced from the rivers and coastal waters of south-east England. Among their ranks were river launches, old sailing and rowing RNLI lifeboats, yachts, pleasure steamers, fishing boats, commercial sailing barges and Thames fire boats. Many of these craft had never even been to sea before.
Some of the 'Little Ships' were formally chartered and some, where owners could not be contacted, were simply commandeered by naval crews. A number were sailed by serving Royal Navy personnel, but many others had civilian crew members or were entirely civilian crewed. Other boats with their civilian crews simply responded to the growing crisis and their contribution was never officially recorded. While tugs towed some across, many made the journey under their own steam with little protection from the marauding Luftwaffe. Unlit and unable to comprehend or respond to naval signals, they were arguably just as vulnerable to becoming victims of 'friendly fire' in the dangerous waters off the French and Belgian coastlines. Of the 700-odd officially recorded 'Little Ships', over 100 never made it home and were part of the 220 vessels lost during the evacuation. However, notwithstanding these losses, their contribution to the rescue of 338, 000 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk had been invaluable and their achievements have gone into national folklore.
Another popular misconception was that the troops evacuated from Dunkirk were all transported to the port of Dover. While Dover was the major centre for Royal Navy and transport ships, other coastal ports and harbours in Kent were also extensively used. Folkestone was used to berth many of the returning passenger ferries. Ramsgate was the main hub for the 'Little Ships' and estimates are that almost 43,000 troops were landed there. Margate, with its harbour and pier, received many of the passenger ships and paddle steamers and estimates are that around 38,000 servicemen were moved by special trains from Margate station. Deal and Sheerness also received much smaller numbers of troops and finally, Newhaven in East Sussex continued to be used as a base for a number of hospital ships
As far as French ships participating in Operation Dynamo were concerned, many were ordered not to England but to disembark troops further down the French coast at ports such as Le Havre and Cherbourg. Many of the French troops evacuated were rapidly transported to ports in the south-west of England. From there they were shipped to the western coast of France to carry on the fight. Given the effort which had gone into rescuing these troops, the fact that the vast bulk would be lost in the following 3-4 weeks was little short of tragic.
http://dunkirk1940.org/index.php?&p=1_187
Dynamo - Dover
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_jbtrp7Zls
Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay: Dunkirk mastermind museum approved .
What happened to the French army after Dunkirk
Saturday, February 16, 2019
Malta - Siege of Malta
.
Surviving The Siege Of Malta - time > .Malta - History, Geography, Economy and Culture - Geodiode > .
40-7-31 Operation Hurry 40-8-4 > .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hurry .
41-1 Operation Excess - Luftwaffe attacks Malta > .
41-1 Operation Excess - Luftwaffe attacks Malta > .
HMS Illustrious and Operation Excess - Fliegerkorps X - Drach > .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Excess .
42-8-3 Operation Pedestal 42-8-15 > .
Operation Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta > .
Operation Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta > .
Indomitable - WoW > .
Operation Pedestal: HMS Indomitable bombed > .
Stuka pilot interview 47: Attack on HMS Indomitable August 1942 > .
The Only Country That Has Been Awarded A George Cross > .
Operation Pedestal: HMS Indomitable bombed > .
Stuka pilot interview 47: Attack on HMS Indomitable August 1942 > .
This Tiny Island Was Key for Allied Forces to Secure North Africa > .
SS Ohio and the Siege of Malta (Pedestal) > .
Mediterranean Theatre & Malta - 42-4-3 - WW2 > .
Operation Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta > .
Operation Pedestal: HMS Indomitable bombed > .
Malta bombing
https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-grand-opera-house-bombed-to-ruins-by-the-luftwaffe
The Battle for Malta
Caught in a struggle between Britain and Germany to control the Mediterranean, Malta became the most bombed place on Earth. Beyond unimaginable austerity, the island was close to starvation by the summer of 1942, and the magnitude of the attacks reflected the importance of its strategic position. Like ants, the Maltese were forced to move by their thousands into man made caves and tunnels carved in island’s limestone. Historian James Holland presents a fresh analysis of this vicious battle and argues that Malta’s offensive role has been underplayed.
Clash of Wings 5/13 The African Tutorial > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGiw5Lo0hxg
playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtq7-dtiDy8&list=PLSawWIooz_XpVAxHUUkN42HyHUy-uYhFC .
Ġgantija & Ancient Malta ..
SS Ohio and the Siege of Malta (Pedestal) > .
Mediterranean Theatre & Malta - 42-4-3 - WW2 > .
Operation Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta > .
Operation Pedestal: HMS Indomitable bombed > .
Malta bombing
https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-grand-opera-house-bombed-to-ruins-by-the-luftwaffe
Caught in a struggle between Britain and Germany to control the Mediterranean, Malta became the most bombed place on Earth. Beyond unimaginable austerity, the island was close to starvation by the summer of 1942, and the magnitude of the attacks reflected the importance of its strategic position. Like ants, the Maltese were forced to move by their thousands into man made caves and tunnels carved in island’s limestone. Historian James Holland presents a fresh analysis of this vicious battle and argues that Malta’s offensive role has been underplayed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGiw5Lo0hxg
playlist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtq7-dtiDy8&list=PLSawWIooz_XpVAxHUUkN42HyHUy-uYhFC .
Ġgantija & Ancient Malta ..
Friday, February 15, 2019
Norway
1940-2-17 Altmark ⤑ WW2 Battle for Norway - Animarchy > .
40-4-13 on
Kampf um Norwegen - Feldzug 1940 > .
Norway 1940 + >> .
Nordic Front - Finland & Scandinavia ..
Invasion of Norway & Denmark ..
What Exactly Are Maritime Borders? - KhAnubis > .
24-2-7 Dodging Dutch Disease - Norway Becoming the Rich - Real > .
24-2-7 Dodging Dutch Disease - Norway Becoming the Rich - Real > .
24-7-16 (Failed) Race For The Arctic - gtbt > .
24-7-1 P00ti lost Ruscia's Arctic dominance to Xina & Baltic NATO forces | Forces > .Kampf um Norwegen - Feldzug 1940 > .
Norway 1940 + >> .
Invasion of Norway & Denmark ..
> Sweden >>
24-2-27 How Sweden Could Easily Crush a Russian Invasion - Icarus > .
WW2 - Week by Week >> .
Fallschirmjäger - Germany's Finest > .
Norway 1940
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk2daSTx1RZslpBmoD-j0w4T1nVTDKV3Z
The Second World War
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk2daSTx1RZv3JUm35TfOigCrkV6eMEBf
Bismarck: Battle of the Denmark Strait 1941 > .
Bismarck: WW2 - ExCr >> .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYv-GC8DgMk&list=PLhyKYa0YJ_5CpF0wJeXpZAJp6A-sQ_M3A .
Wiping out Heligoland after WW2 > .
Primitive survival skills >> .
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbAkNwJLYBsqEziEOWijTRyeAnuGvmbPw .
24-2-27 How Sweden Could Easily Crush a Russian Invasion - Icarus > .
WW2 - Week by Week >> .
Fallschirmjäger - Germany's Finest > .
Ray Mears - The Real Heroes of Telemark
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9pMBAGDqeF1NvdiD4FsTaayfPs7UvJ6I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistorta_vivipara
Bistorta vivipara is a synonym of the accepted species name Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr. It is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae, commonly known as alpine bistort. It is common all over the high Arctic through Europe, North America, and temperate and tropical Asia. Its range stretches further south in high mountainous areas such as the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Caucasus, and the Tibetan Plateau.
The bulbils are rich in starch and are a preferred food for rock ptarmigans (Lagopus mutus) and reindeer; they are also occasionally used by Arctic people.
Alpine bistort is a perennial herb that grows to 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall. It has a thick rhizomatous rootstock and an erect, unbranched, hairless stem. The leaves are hairless on the upper surfaces, but hairy and greyish-green below. The basal ones are longish-elliptical with long stalks and rounded bases; the upper ones are few and are linear and stalkless. The tiny flowers are white or pink in the upper part of the spike with five perianth segments, eight stamens with purple anthers and three fused carpels. The lower ones are replaced by bulbils. Flowers rarely produce viable seeds and reproduction is normally by the bulbils, which are small bulb-like structures that develop in the axils of the leaves and may develop into new plants. Very often, a small leaf develops when the bulbil is still attached to the mother plant.
https://youtu.be/IqkVvSJ7BGg?t=3m51s
The Battle for Norway 1940 color 2:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFQsK48uEgY
The Battles of Narvik were fought from 9 April to 8 June 1940 as a naval battle in the Ofotfjord and as a land battle in the mountains surrounding the north Norwegian city of Narvik as part of the Norwegian Campaign of the Second World War.
The two naval battles in the Ofotfjord on 10 April and 13 April were fought between the British Royal Navy and Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, while the two-month land campaign was fought between Norwegian, French, British, and Polish troops against German mountain troops, shipwrecked Kriegsmarine sailors and German paratroopers (Fallschirmjäger) from the 7th Air Division. Although defeated at sea off Narvik, losing control of the town of Narvik and being pushed back towards the Swedish border, the Germans eventually prevailed because of the Allied evacuation from Norway in June 1940 following the Battle of France.
Narvik provided an ice-free harbour in the North Atlantic for iron ore transported by the railway from Kiruna in Sweden. Both sides in the war had an interest in securing this iron supply for themselves and denying it to the enemy, setting the stage for one of the biggest battles since the Invasion of Poland.
Prior to the German invasion, British forces had considered Narvik as a possible landing point for an expedition to help Finland in the Winter War. Such an expedition also had the potential of taking control of the Swedish mines and opening up the Baltic for the Allies. French politicians were also eager to start a second front as far away from France as possible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik
Norway 1940: The Battle for Central Norway > .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kcv9A2hoLM .
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9pMBAGDqeF1NvdiD4FsTaayfPs7UvJ6I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistorta_vivipara
Bistorta vivipara is a synonym of the accepted species name Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr. It is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the knotweed and buckwheat family Polygonaceae, commonly known as alpine bistort. It is common all over the high Arctic through Europe, North America, and temperate and tropical Asia. Its range stretches further south in high mountainous areas such as the Alps, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Caucasus, and the Tibetan Plateau.
The bulbils are rich in starch and are a preferred food for rock ptarmigans (Lagopus mutus) and reindeer; they are also occasionally used by Arctic people.
Alpine bistort is a perennial herb that grows to 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) tall. It has a thick rhizomatous rootstock and an erect, unbranched, hairless stem. The leaves are hairless on the upper surfaces, but hairy and greyish-green below. The basal ones are longish-elliptical with long stalks and rounded bases; the upper ones are few and are linear and stalkless. The tiny flowers are white or pink in the upper part of the spike with five perianth segments, eight stamens with purple anthers and three fused carpels. The lower ones are replaced by bulbils. Flowers rarely produce viable seeds and reproduction is normally by the bulbils, which are small bulb-like structures that develop in the axils of the leaves and may develop into new plants. Very often, a small leaf develops when the bulbil is still attached to the mother plant.
https://youtu.be/IqkVvSJ7BGg?t=3m51s
The Battle for Norway 1940 color 2:56
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LFQsK48uEgY
The two naval battles in the Ofotfjord on 10 April and 13 April were fought between the British Royal Navy and Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, while the two-month land campaign was fought between Norwegian, French, British, and Polish troops against German mountain troops, shipwrecked Kriegsmarine sailors and German paratroopers (Fallschirmjäger) from the 7th Air Division. Although defeated at sea off Narvik, losing control of the town of Narvik and being pushed back towards the Swedish border, the Germans eventually prevailed because of the Allied evacuation from Norway in June 1940 following the Battle of France.
Narvik provided an ice-free harbour in the North Atlantic for iron ore transported by the railway from Kiruna in Sweden. Both sides in the war had an interest in securing this iron supply for themselves and denying it to the enemy, setting the stage for one of the biggest battles since the Invasion of Poland.
Prior to the German invasion, British forces had considered Narvik as a possible landing point for an expedition to help Finland in the Winter War. Such an expedition also had the potential of taking control of the Swedish mines and opening up the Baltic for the Allies. French politicians were also eager to start a second front as far away from France as possible.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik
Norway 1940: The Battle for Central Norway > .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kcv9A2hoLM .
"Survival, Norway winter"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWy3XdCW16o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRncU2SSXls
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtUi-VE558I
Invasion of Norway & Denmark - Operation Weserübung - MHV > .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHJqtI3AzkQ .
Sinking of HMS Glorious: An Avoidable Tragedy? > .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRncU2SSXls
Invasion of Norway & Denmark - Operation Weserübung - MHV > .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gHJqtI3AzkQ .
Sinking of HMS Glorious: An Avoidable Tragedy? > .
Norway 1940
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk2daSTx1RZslpBmoD-j0w4T1nVTDKV3Z
The Second World War
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLk2daSTx1RZv3JUm35TfOigCrkV6eMEBf
Bismarck: Battle of the Denmark Strait 1941 > .
In 1942 two German battle-cruisers, the Scharnhorst and the Gneisenau, put into a French port for repairs and became trapped there, targets to be bombed at will by the RAF. It was only a matter of time before they would attempt an escape. Churchill ordered that the ships must not reach Germany, and that they must be destroyed. The plan to do so was called Operation Fuller. However, when the moment came to put the operation into action, the plans were locked in a safe and the only man with a key was away on holiday. What happened next was a series of one farcical mistake after another which allowed the two German ships to sail right up the English channel and home to Germany. The programme also features Operation Eagle Claw, the clandestine operation ordered by President Carter in 1980 to free the American hostages held in the Tehran embassy. The newly formed Special Operations Group, Delta Force, began planning a daring rescue. However, inter-service rivalry intervened, with tragic results when the American aircraft carrying the rescue teams crashed into each other in the Iranian desert.
We have long saluted military genius and bravery. But the other side of the coin is military incompetence – a largely preventable, tragically expensive, yet totally absorbing aspect of human behaviour.
From the Crusades to Vietnam, history is littered with examples of stupidity, obduracy, brutality and sheer breath-taking incompetence. Lack of communication, technological failure and a misplaced sense of superiority have led to the deaths of thousands of ordinary soldiers, let down by their masters and betrayed by arrogance. Using a combination of history, human interest and archive footage underpinned by powerful story-telling, Great Military Blunders charts man’s folly and cruelty in a series of stunning debacles, spanning almost a thousand years of conflict.
We have long saluted military genius and bravery. But the other side of the coin is military incompetence – a largely preventable, tragically expensive, yet totally absorbing aspect of human behaviour.
From the Crusades to Vietnam, history is littered with examples of stupidity, obduracy, brutality and sheer breath-taking incompetence. Lack of communication, technological failure and a misplaced sense of superiority have led to the deaths of thousands of ordinary soldiers, let down by their masters and betrayed by arrogance. Using a combination of history, human interest and archive footage underpinned by powerful story-telling, Great Military Blunders charts man’s folly and cruelty in a series of stunning debacles, spanning almost a thousand years of conflict.
Bismarck: WW2 - ExCr >> .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYv-GC8DgMk&list=PLhyKYa0YJ_5CpF0wJeXpZAJp6A-sQ_M3A .
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbAkNwJLYBsqEziEOWijTRyeAnuGvmbPw .
Saturday, January 26, 2019
Wednesday, January 23, 2019
Fire Services — NFS, AFS, LFB
Austin K2 - Greatest Machines >> .
The Greatest Machines in History >> .
National Fire Service, Austin Ks
Right, on right: 1942 Austin K2 Auxilliary Towing Vehicle of the National Fire Service. Some 4,000 of these vehicles were ordered by the Home Office during the Second World War for the N.F.S. who used them to tow heavy trailer pumps.Based on the 2 ton lorry chassis,they were fitted with utility bodywork accomandating a crew of six,hoses and a 30ft ladder.The Austin K2 units were not designed to carry water,they just carried equipment and crew.
On left: Heavy pump and ladder mounted on Austin K4 chassis?
The heavy unit consisted of a 700 gpm pump mounted on a medium lorry chassis and was the chief self-propelled pump of wartime manufacture. A number of coachbuilders undertook the assembly by mounting Leyland-engined Gwynne two-stage pumps on either Austin or Morris Commercial chassis, Fordson-engined Sulzer two-stage pumps on either Ford or Bedford chassis, and Ford-engined Tangye single-stage pumps on Ford or Bedford chassis. All had 5 ½ in suction and four deliveries. In the early stages of the emergency period, about 1,000 pumps were built on Bedford chassis and others on Morris Commercial chassis before these makes were required to fulfil orders for military vehicles. Occasional use was made of other chassis, but thereafter fire engines were constructed on the Austin K4 and Fordson 7V chassis.
Left, K4 ladder, heavy pump
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Fire_Service
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grey_fire_engines
Of zoos and fire-fighting, today and in wartime
https://web.archive.org/web/20110902160428/http://worldwarzoogardener1939.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/of-zoos-and-fire-fighting-today-and-in-wartime/
1937 4x2 Merryweather Crash Tender > .
Vickers-Armstrongs Supermarine ~ 1942
London Fire Brigade
http://www.lfbphotos.com/new-lfb-pix/photo/102731.html
London Fire Brigade vehicles
http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/vehicles.asp
LFB Uniforms
http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/150/historyofuniforms.asp
LFB Helmets
http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/history-of-helmets.asp
Of zoos and fire-fighting, today and in wartime
https://web.archive.org/web/20110902160428/http://worldwarzoogardener1939.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/of-zoos-and-fire-fighting-today-and-in-wartime/ .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muVNqyiQjcI
CWAC firefighters - Canadian Newsreel - 1943 > .
The Canadian Women's Army Corps was a non-combatant branch of the Canadian Army for women, established during the Second World War, with the purpose of releasing men from those non-combatant roles in the Canadian armed forces as part of expanding Canada's war effort. Most women served in Canada but some served overseas, most in roles such as secretaries, mechanics, cooks and so on.
Auxiliary Towing Vehicle
In the early stages of World War 2, an assortment of cars, taxis and light commercials was pressed into service with the Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS) to tow the 20,000 trailer pumps which it was estimated would be needed to keep the fire service adequately equipped for war. This proved to be a false economy because hire charges and repair bills swallowed up the savings expected from not buying purpose-built vehicles in the first place. During an air raid on Manchester in December 1940 so many of the city's make-shift towing vehicles were out of action or under repair that trailer pumps had to be pushed to fires by their crews. Against this background, in 1941 the Government approved the purchase of 2,000 two-ton vans for use as towing vehicles, each with internal seating for the crew and stowage for hose and small gear. Let it be said now that, although widely known now as the auxiliary towing vehicle, or ATV, there is no evidence to suggest the appliance was so called until after the war.
Production started in 1941 and continued apace until 1943. Few, if any, of the 5,750 towing vehicles believed to have been finally built would have been operational in time for the large scale bombing of London and other major cities during the Blitz of 1940/41. When over 1,600 local authority fire brigades of England, Scotland and Wales were nationalised on 18 August 1941 under the National Fire Service (NFS), the AFS and its towing vehicles were absorbed into the new national body.
Most of the new vehicles were built on the short wheelbase Austin K2 2-ton chassis but some were built on the Fordson WOT2 15-cwt chassis. Both were rear-wheel drive and the Austin was powered by a 6-cylinder, 3460cc petrol engine whilst the Fordson was fitted with a V8 3261cc petrol engine. It is believed that a few towing vehicles were also produced on the Guy Ant 15-cwt chassis but none are known to survive. All three vehicles were about the same size and the cautious weight designation of the Fordson and the Guy appears to reflect their primary use as military vehicles. The bodywork was steel with a specially strengthened roof to provide protection from shrapnel and flying debris. The driver and officer-in-charge sat up front while the rest of the crew sat in the back on what was described as padded seating accommodation, this actually comprising a cushion over the equipment lockers down each side of the rear compartment. There was no separation between the driver's cab and the rear crew area and it was possible to climb through from front to back. The open back of the vehicle was provided with a waterproof curtain that could be drawn across to keep out rain and snow. Like the Green Goddesses of the post-war AFS, the ATVs were probably built by a number of different companies with no fire engine building experience. Most had a body that was 6 ft 9 ins wide but some, for no reason known to me, had a narrow 6 ft 4 ins body. The standard body overhung the rear wheels while the narrow body was virtually flush with the rear wheels. In common with all NFS vehicles, the towing vehicles were painted grey to conform with British Standard Shade No. 32, which I believe later became colour 632 Dark Admiralty Grey under BS 381C - Colours for Identification, Coding and Special Purposes.
In January 1943 the NFS issued an Operations and Training Note specifying the standard method of stowing Austin towing vehicles, so that any fireman could find the equipment on any such vehicle in the dark. Each vehicle was to carry 20 lengths of rolled hose, which would have been 2½ or 2¾ inch canvas hose, some rubber-lined, in 50 ft or 75 ft lengths. Eleven lengths were stowed in a hose locker running across the vehicle behind the front seats and where possible locally fitted racks were provided above this locker for the other nine. The racks could also be used to accommodate kit-bags and anti-gas clothing. Electric hand lamps were stowed in the driver's cabin and other tools, such as axes, picks, spades, saws and a crowbar were stowed in the under-seat lockers behind. A medical case, canvas buckets, lines, hose bandages, hand pumps and hurricane lamps were also to be found in locker boxes but hose ramps were kept on the floor at the front of the body. Other equipment provided locally, such as foam and foam
branches, was accommodated wherever it would fit. A long ladder, a short ladder and a hook ladder were carried on the roof, along with a branchpipe holder. Missing from this equipment is everything, apart from delivery hose, needed to get a pump to work. This is because suction hose, hydrant gear and hose fittings were carried on the trailer pump itself.
Wartime fires were so large that regional reinforcing moves were common and towing vehicles engaged on such calls were required to carry extra equipment to sustain both the vehicle and its crew on potentially long journeys in the blackout. This included fuel, oil and grease for the vehicle, and food for 48 hours in sealed tins and 2 gallons of drinking water for the crew. A kit bag with two blankets was specified but it is likely that provision would have been made for the whole crew of five men. Washing and shaving gear, a change of underclothing, protective clothing in haversacks and other personal equipment was also specified, together with one tin of anti-gas ointment per pump first-aid box.
http://www.romar.org.uk/page381.html
Austin K2
The Austin K2/Y is a British heavy military ambulance that was used by all Commonwealth services during World War II. Built by Austin, it was based on the civilian light truck Austin K30, differing mainly by having simple canvas closures in place of driver's cab doors.
The K2/Y could take ten casualties sitting or four stretcher cases. The rear body, known as No. 2 Mk I/L was developed by the Royal Army Medical Corps and built by coachbuilder Mann Egerton. The interior dimensions were approximately 2.6 meters long, 2.0 meters wide and 1.7 meters high. At the rear of the vehicle there were two large doors. From the driver's cab the wounded could also be accessed through a small internal door with a seat. The exterior was mainly made from painted canvas.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_K2/Y
Of zoos and fire-fighting, today and in wartime
https://web.archive.org/web/20110902160428/http://worldwarzoogardener1939.wordpress.com/2011/03/22/of-zoos-and-fire-fighting-today-and-in-wartime/ .
Friday, January 11, 2019
Tuesday, December 11, 2018
Thursday, November 29, 2018
ARP - Air Raid Precautions
23-12-10 Gas Mask Evolution from WW1 to modern - Forces > .
ARP, Bunkers, Shelters, Underground - BePr >> .
Home Defence Go To It) Part 1 (1939) > .
Home Defence Go To It) Part 1 (1939) > .
Home Defence Go To It) Part 3 (1939) > .
British WWII gas mask (civilian) > .
Air Raid Protection A R P 1914 1945 - JoGi >> .
ARP > Civil Defence Service
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defence_Service .
MHS - Ministry of Home Security ..
https://mashable.com/2016/05/26/air-raid-cigarette-cards/#ELppgdDsZZqk
Air raid precautions on continent 30-39 > .
https://flashbak.com/the-glorious-ww2-posters-of-patrick-cokayne-keely-366874/ .
ARP, Ambulance & AFS Personnel and Equipment - Newhaven .
Newhaven and the surrounding district during WW2. The main units were:
British WWII gas mask (civilian) > .
Air Raid Protection A R P 1914 1945 - JoGi >> .
ARP > Civil Defence Service
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Defence_Service .
MHS - Ministry of Home Security ..
https://mashable.com/2016/05/26/air-raid-cigarette-cards/#ELppgdDsZZqk
ARP, Ambulance & AFS Personnel and Equipment - Newhaven .
Newhaven and the surrounding district during WW2. The main units were:
(i) The LDV (Local Defence Volunteers) which later became the Home Guard - now immortalised in TV comedy history as Dad's Army
(ii) The AFS who were units of Fire Fighters auxiliary to the main Fire Service. (Auxiliary Fire Service, later National Fire Service)
(iii) The ARP (Air Raid Precautions) who were responsible for assessing damage, fire and rescue requirements at sites of enemy action. They were also required to make buildings safe after bomb-damage, and were often local builders. There was a sub-section of the ARP who drove Ambulances. The WVS (Women's Voluntary Service) took care of people, with food and shelter, who had been displaced from their homes either by evacuation or enemy action.
All of these units were able to requisition civilian vehicles for adaptation to their own requirements.
Wednesday, November 28, 2018
A.R.P. - Air Raid Precautions
Air Raid Protection A R P 1914 1945 - John Gilinsky
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnkSKw5Qot7qT5TCDoyoKQBmC2VgXvDqM
Thursday, November 8, 2018
UXBs & Bomb Disposal Companies
Proximity Fuze – 3rd Most Crucial Development of WW2 - CuDr > .
Unexploded ordnance (UXO, sometimes abbreviated as UO), unexploded bombs (UXBs), or explosive remnants of war (ERW) are explosive weapons (bombs, shells, grenades, land mines, naval mines, cluster munition, etc.) that did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk of detonation, sometimes many decades after they were used or discarded. UXO does not always originate from wars; areas such as military training grounds can also hold significant numbers, even after the area has been abandoned. UXO from World War I continue to be a hazard, with poisonous gas filled munitions still a problem. When unwanted munitions are found, they are sometimes destroyed in controlled explosions, but accidental detonation of even very old explosives also occurs, sometimes with fatal results.
The first UXBs were encountered in the autumn of 1939 before the Blitz and were for the most part easily dealt with, mostly by Royal Air Force or Air Raid Precautions personnel. In the spring of 1940, when the Phony War ended, the British realized that they were going to need professionals in numbers to deal with the coming problem. 25 sections were authorized for the Royal Engineers in May 1940, another 109 in June, and 220 by August. Organization was needed, and as the Blitz began, 25 "Bomb Disposal Companies" were created between August 1940 and January 1941. Each company had ten sections, each section having a bomb disposal officer and 14 other ranks to assist. Six companies were deployed in London by January 1941.
The problem of UXBs was further complicated when Royal Engineer bomb disposal personnel began to encounter munitions fitted with anti-handling devices e.g. the Luftwaffe's ZUS40 anti-removal bomb fuze of 1940. Bomb fuzes incorporating anti-handling devices were specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. Scientists and technical staff responded by devising methods and equipment to render them safe, including the work of Eric Moxey.
The United States War Department felt the British Bomb Disposal experience could be a valuable asset, based on reports from U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps observers at RAF Melksham in Wiltshire, England in 1940. The next year, the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) and War Department both sponsored a bomb disposal program. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the British sent instructors to Aberdeen Proving Ground, where the U.S. Army would inaugurate a formal bomb disposal school under the Ordnance Corps. Col. Thomas J. Kane became the U.S. Army Ordnance Bomb Disposal School commandant, and later served as ETO Director of Bomb Disposal under Dwight D. Eisenhower. In May 1941, British colleagues helped establish the Naval Mine Disposal School at the Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D.C. Concurrently, the U.S. Navy, under the command of Lt. Draper L. Kauffman (who would go on to found the Underwater Demolition Teams – better known as UDTs or the U.S. Navy Frogmen), created the Naval Bomb Disposal School at University Campus, Washington, D.C..
The first US Army Bomb Disposal companies were deployed in North Africa and Sicily, but proved cumbersome and were replaced with mobile seven-man squads in 1943. Wartime errors were rectified in 1947 when Army personnel started attending a new school at Indian Head, Maryland, under U.S. Navy direction. That same year, the forerunner of the EOD Technology Center, the USN Bureau of Naval Weapons, charged with research, development, test, and evaluation of EOD tools, tactics and procedures, was born.
---
Bomb disposal is an explosives engineering profession using the process by which hazardous explosive devices are rendered safe. Bomb disposal is an all-encompassing term to describe the separate, but interrelated functions in the military fields of explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and improvised explosive device disposal (IEDD), and the public safety roles of public safety bomb disposal (PSBD) and the bomb squad.
...
Modern EOD Technicians across the world can trace their heritage to the Blitz, when the United Kingdom's cities were subjected to extensive bombing raids by Nazi Germany. In addition to conventional air raids, unexploded bombs (UXBs) took their toll on population and morale, paralyzing vital services and communications. Bombs fitted with delayed-action fuzes provoked fear and uncertainty in the civilian population.The first UXBs were encountered in the autumn of 1939 before the Blitz and were for the most part easily dealt with, mostly by Royal Air Force or Air Raid Precautions personnel. In the spring of 1940, when the Phony War ended, the British realized that they were going to need professionals in numbers to deal with the coming problem. 25 sections were authorized for the Royal Engineers in May 1940, another 109 in June, and 220 by August. Organization was needed, and as the Blitz began, 25 "Bomb Disposal Companies" were created between August 1940 and January 1941. Each company had ten sections, each section having a bomb disposal officer and 14 other ranks to assist. Six companies were deployed in London by January 1941.
The problem of UXBs was further complicated when Royal Engineer bomb disposal personnel began to encounter munitions fitted with anti-handling devices e.g. the Luftwaffe's ZUS40 anti-removal bomb fuze of 1940. Bomb fuzes incorporating anti-handling devices were specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. Scientists and technical staff responded by devising methods and equipment to render them safe, including the work of Eric Moxey.
The United States War Department felt the British Bomb Disposal experience could be a valuable asset, based on reports from U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps observers at RAF Melksham in Wiltshire, England in 1940. The next year, the Office of Civilian Defense (OCD) and War Department both sponsored a bomb disposal program. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the British sent instructors to Aberdeen Proving Ground, where the U.S. Army would inaugurate a formal bomb disposal school under the Ordnance Corps. Col. Thomas J. Kane became the U.S. Army Ordnance Bomb Disposal School commandant, and later served as ETO Director of Bomb Disposal under Dwight D. Eisenhower. In May 1941, British colleagues helped establish the Naval Mine Disposal School at the Naval Gun Factory, Washington, D.C. Concurrently, the U.S. Navy, under the command of Lt. Draper L. Kauffman (who would go on to found the Underwater Demolition Teams – better known as UDTs or the U.S. Navy Frogmen), created the Naval Bomb Disposal School at University Campus, Washington, D.C..
The first US Army Bomb Disposal companies were deployed in North Africa and Sicily, but proved cumbersome and were replaced with mobile seven-man squads in 1943. Wartime errors were rectified in 1947 when Army personnel started attending a new school at Indian Head, Maryland, under U.S. Navy direction. That same year, the forerunner of the EOD Technology Center, the USN Bureau of Naval Weapons, charged with research, development, test, and evaluation of EOD tools, tactics and procedures, was born.
---
The US Army Air Force and Royal Air Force dropped 2.7 million tons of bombs on Europe [UXB-Europe] during WW2. Every year, an estimated 2,000 tons of World War II munitions are found in Germany, at times requiring the evacuation of tens of thousands of residents from their homes. In Berlin alone, 1.8 million pieces of ordnance have been defused since 1947. Buried bombs, as well as mortars, land mines and grenades, are often found during construction work or other excavations, or by farmers tilling the land.
...
In addition to the obvious danger of explosion, buried UXO can cause environmental contamination. In some heavily used military training areas, munitions-related chemicals such as explosives and perchlorate (a component of pyrotechnics and rocket fuel) can enter soil and groundwater.
...
In addition to the obvious danger of explosion, buried UXO can cause environmental contamination. In some heavily used military training areas, munitions-related chemicals such as explosives and perchlorate (a component of pyrotechnics and rocket fuel) can enter soil and groundwater.
Monday, September 17, 2018
LPD - Landing Platform Dock
23-9-1 How a Maritime DSCA Task Force Provides Hurricane Relief - Ryan McBeth > .
24-9-6 [USN: 11 Carriers = shortage] - nwyt > .
24-3-21 USN's 30-Year Plan on Shipbuilding - 2024 - Shipping > .
24-1-9 Royal Navy's LPDs: HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark - Forces > .
23-12-22 San Antonio Class Stealth: LPDs, LCACs, Ospreys - nwyt > .
23-9-11 Sea Control Ships: Lightning Carriers vs Large Aircraft Carriers - Mega > .
23-8-31 Art of War: Carrier Warfare - Warographics > .
23-4-29 The Shtorm: Russia’s Proposed Super-Carrier - Mega > .
23-4-29 The Shtorm: Russia’s Proposed Super-Carrier - Mega > .
WW2 amphibous challenges
CSG - Carrier Strike Group ..
An amphibious transport dock, also called a landing platform dock (LPD), is an amphibious warfare ship, a warship that embarks, transports, and lands elements of a landing force for expeditionary warfare missions. Several navies currently operate this kind of ship. [image] The ships are generally designed to transport troops into a war zone by sea, primarily using landing craft, although invariably they also have the capability to operate transport helicopters.
DSCA Stands for Defense Support of Civil Authorities. Every Hurricane season, the Navy and Marines stand up a joint task force to provide relief services after hurricanes. This task force is totally self-sufficient with the security, engineers, earth movers, transportation and administrative assets to provide aid in the event of a natural disaster.
Amphibious transport docks perform the mission of amphibious transports, amphibious cargo ships, and the older dock landing ships (LSD) by incorporating both a flight deck and a well deck that can be ballasted and deballasted to support landing craft or amphibious vehicles. The main difference between LSDs and LPDs is that while both have helicopter landing decks, the LPD also has hangar facilities for protection and maintenance. In the United States Navy, the newer class of LPD has succeeded the older classes of LSDs, and both the Navy and United States Marine Corps are looking to the LPD to be the basis of their new LX(R) program to replace their LSDs.
Amphibious transport docks perform the mission of amphibious transports, amphibious cargo ships, and the older dock landing ships (LSD) by incorporating both a flight deck and a well deck that can be ballasted and deballasted to support landing craft or amphibious vehicles. The main difference between LSDs and LPDs is that while both have helicopter landing decks, the LPD also has hangar facilities for protection and maintenance. In the United States Navy, the newer class of LPD has succeeded the older classes of LSDs, and both the Navy and United States Marine Corps are looking to the LPD to be the basis of their new LX(R) program to replace their LSDs.
An amphibious ready group (ARG) of the United States Navy consists of a naval element—a group of warships known as an Amphibious Task Force (ATF)—and a landing force (LF) of U.S. Marines (and occasionally U.S. Army soldiers), in total about 5,000 people. Together, these elements and supporting units are trained, organized, and equipped to perform amphibious operations.
A typical U.S. Amphibious Readiness Group consists of:
- One amphibious assault ship; a Landing Helicopter Assault (LHA) or Landing Helicopter Dock (LHD): the primary landing ship, resembling a small aircraft carrier, designed to transport troops into the war zone by air using transport helicopters.
- One amphibious transport dock ship; a Landing Platform Dock (LPD): a warship that transports troops into the war zone by sea, primarily using conventional landing craft and Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) hovercraft).
- One dock landing ship (DLS): a warship supporting amphibious operations including landings onto hostile shores via LCAC, conventional landing craft, and helicopters.
The San Antonio class is a class of amphibious transport docks, also called a "landing platform, dock" (LPD), used by the United States Navy. These warships replace the Austin-class LPDs (including Cleveland and Trenton sub-classes), as well as the Newport-class tank landing ships, the Anchorage-class dock landing ships, and the Charleston-class amphibious cargo ships that have already been retired.
The Sea Control Ship (SCS) was a small aircraft carrier developed and conceptualized by the United States Navy under Chief of Naval Operations Elmo Zumwalt during the 1970s. Currently the term refers to naval vessels that can perform similar duties. The SCS was intended as an escort vessel, providing air support for convoys. It was canceled after budgetary cuts to the US Navy.
A light aircraft carrier, or light fleet carrier, is an aircraft carrier that is smaller than the standard carriers of a navy. The precise definition of the type varies by country; light carriers typically have a complement of aircraft only one-half to two-thirds the size of a full-sized fleet carrier. A light carrier was similar in concept to an escort carrier in most respects, however light carriers were intended for higher speeds to be deployed alongside fleet carriers, while escort carriers usually defended convoys and provided air support during amphibious operations.
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
