Showing posts with label ●Γ. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ●Γ. Show all posts

Friday, May 31, 2024

● Geopolitics: Arctic

⧫ Arctic - Geoeconomics, Geopolitics ..

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Friday, July 31, 2020

●● Military Government


Overseas Military Bases ..

2023
Attrition, Supply 2023 ..
NWU - Navy Working Uniform ..
Orcine Infighting ..
Orcine Atrocities 2023 ..
US ⇔ Xina 2023

2022
CSDP, EDU, EU Army ..
Naval Arms Exports ..
Solomon Islands (Xi wants naval base) ..
Weakness - PLA Tanks ..

Air Ministry - Adastral House ..Maskirovka - Маскировка ..   Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact - 39-8-23 to 41-6-22 .. 
   Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ..
Morale ..
Red Scare USA 1919 ..         
UNI - America's National Interests ..
USA→Europe→NATO↔Russia←China ..



Anocracy, Autocracy, Authoritarianism



China - Espionage, Industrial, Intellectual Property Theft

Cold War 1 


Construction  


EU

Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..

Global
Zero Standing Army ..

Greener Military


Intelligence, Cryptanalysis

Japan

Kit

Logistics, Modeling, Strategy
DIME & National Power ..



Military Strategy - Analysis 


Militias

Morale, PsyOps 
Morale ..

Mutually Assured Destruction


Pacific

Project Management

R&D
DARPA ..

Reservists
1939 jajn ..
British Forces - 21st C ..
Territorial Army ... BEF - 20th ..

Resistance

SEAL 
SEALs ..


Space



Tech - AI, Cyberwar


USA

Zapad ..


Walls 

⧫ Wargaming, Hypothetical Warfare ..


Weaponry

Wehrmacht, Nazis

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Saturday, July 25, 2020

Defence Regulations

Defence Regulations were emergency regulations passed between the lead-up and end of WW2, providing emergency powers to prosecute the war. Two Acts of Parliament were passed as enabling legislation to allow the Defence Regulations to be promulgated. 1) The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 was passed immediately before war was declared. 2) The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940 was passed in the aftermath of the German attack on France in 1940. The 1940 Act allowed Defence Regulations to be made on matters such as industrial conscription.

The main Defence Regulations were the Defence (General) Regulations 1939, which were amended at various points throughout the war. Other Defence Regulations covered narrower fields of life. These included Defence Regulation 18B, which provided a framework for internment. 18B allowed the internment of people suspected of being Nazi sympathisers. The effect of 18B was to suspend the right of affected individuals to habeas corpus.

The Defence Regulations were Orders in Council and could amend any primary or secondary legislation within the limits of the enabling Acts to allow the effective prosecution of the war.

Originally the regulations did not create any capital offences, since the law of treason was thought to be sufficient. Defence Regulation 2A provided that "If, with intent to assist the enemy, any person does any act which is likely to assist the enemy or to prejudice the public safety, the defence of the realm or the efficient prosecution of the war, he shall be liable to penal servitude for life."

However, in 1940 amendments to the regulations created two capital offences: "forcing safeguards" (breaking through roadblocks etc.) under regulation 1B, and looting under regulation 38A. A third new capital offence, called treachery, was created soon afterwards by the Treachery Act 1940.

Since the emergency conditions created by the war persisted after the conflict was over, the last of the Defence Regulations, mainly those on food rationing, were not abolished until the early 1950s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulations .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom .

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Friday, July 24, 2020

Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939

The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 was emergency legislation passed (August 24, 1939) just prior to the outbreak of World War II by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to enable the British Government to take up emergency powers to prosecute the war effectively. It contained clauses giving the government wide powers to create Defence Regulations which regulated almost every aspect of everyday life in the country. Two offences under the regulations were punishable with death.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Powers_(Defence)_Act_1939
http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/sittings/1939/aug/24
http://ww2talk.com/index.php?threads/defence-regulations-emergency-powers-defence-act.19087/

Death penalty

Originally the regulations did not create any capital offences, since the law of treason was thought to be sufficient. Defence Regulation 2A provided that "If, with intent to assist the enemy, any person does any act which is likely to assist the enemy or to prejudice the public safety, the defence of the realm or the efficient prosecution of the war, he shall be liable to penal servitude for life."

However, in 1940 amendments to the regulations created two capital offences: "forcing safeguards" (breaking through roadblocks etc.) under regulation 1B, and looting under regulation 38A. A third new capital offence, called treachery, was created soon afterwards by the Treachery Act 1940.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulations

The Treachery Act 1940 (3 & 4 Geo. VI c. 40) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during World War II to facilitate the prosecution and execution of enemy spies, and suspended after the war and later repealed. The law was passed in the month after Nazi Germany invaded France and Winston Churchill became prime minister (23 May 1940).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treachery_Act_1940 .

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Wednesday, July 15, 2020

Neutrality Acts - Isolationist America & Lend-Lease

Isolationist America & Lend-Lease > .
41-3-11 End of US neutrality? The Lend-Lease Act > .
41-1-10 Lend Lease Act > .
41-3-11 Lend Lease > .

The Neutrality Acts were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s, in response to the growing turmoil in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II. They were spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.

The legacy of the Neutrality Acts is widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany. The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s .


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NSA - National Service Act

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Conscripts and Conscientious Objectors of WW2 - WW2 Special > .


National Service Act

39-40 Conscription

On 29 March 1939, the Secretary of State for War announced that the Territorial Army was to be increased in establishment from 130,000 to 170,000, and then doubled in numbers. Each of the existing first line Territorial Army units and formations were required to form duplicate (or second line) units and formations. Although the personnel came forward, equipment for them was scarce.

Conscription was introduced on 27 April 1939 for the first time in British peacetime history. The Military Training Act required all males to serve in the Armed Forces for six months on reaching their twentieth birthday. On completion of six months service, the conscripts were required to serve in the Territorial Army or Special Reserve. This measure had only just been instituted by the outbreak of war, with only one intake of 35,000 men called up on 15 July.

39-08-24 Mobilisation .

Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, and in consequence, in accordance with Polish-British Common Defence Pact, the United Kingdom declared war on Germany with effect from 3 September 1939. The British Army had started mobilizing on 1 September, but was woefully ill-equipped and ill-prepared for war. Much of the strategy, tactics and equipment dated from the Great War. The first elements of the British Expeditionary Force left for France on 3 September 1939, just over twenty-five years since its predecessor had crossed the English Channel bound for war.

Prior:
At the dawn of 1939, the likelihood of another European war was growing ever greater. Germany had invaded, and then annexed, Austria in March 1938. In October that year, contrary to the Munich agreement, German troops occupied the Sudetenland which was part of Czechoslovakia.

In March 1939, Germany occupied the whole of Czechoslovakia, and war seemed inevitable. H.M. Government began to change its policy of appeasement, and full-scale rearmament of the British Armed Forces commenced (although it can be argued that some form of re-armament commenced in the mid-1930's, contrary to popular belief). Plans were drawn up for the British Army to send an expeditionary force of two corps (each comprising two infantry divisions) to France at the outbreak of war. This was in anticipation of defending France in a similar manner to the circumstances of the Great War.

http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?nid=2 .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service_(Armed_Forces)_Act_1939
http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/overview/conscriptionww2/
http://spartacus-educational.com/Lnational1941.htm .

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Thursday, July 9, 2020

Treachery Act 1940


The Treachery Act 1940 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted during World War II to facilitate the prosecution and execution of enemy spies, and suspended after the war and later repealed. The law was passed in the month after Nazi Germany invaded France and Winston Churchill became prime minister (23 May 1940).

The Treachery Act was deemed necessary because treason still had its own special rules of evidence and procedure which made it a difficult offence to prove and prosecute (see Treason Act 1695). The new offence of treachery, a felony, was designed to make securing convictions easier as it could be proved under the same rules of evidence as ordinary offences. It was also needed because there was doubt whether the treason laws were applicable to German saboteurs.

Sixteen people were shot by firing squad or hanged for treachery. The first British subject to be executed under the law was George Johnson Armstrong, who was hanged at HMP Wandsworth on 10 July 1941. Duncan Scott-Ford was also executed for treachery in November 1942. German agent Josef Jakobs, the last person to be executed in the Tower of London, was court-martialled and executed by firing squad under this Act. The last person to be executed under the Treachery Act was the British soldier Theodore Schurch, executed on 4 January 1946, who was the last person to be executed in the United Kingdom for an offence other than murder.

George Johnson Armstrong (1902 – 9 July 1941) was the first British citizen to be executed under the Treachery Act 1940. Only four other British subjects were executed under this Act; saboteur Jose Estelle Key (a Gibraltarian), Duncan Scott-Ford, Oswald John Job (born in London to German parents) and Theodore Schurch.

Armstrong was an engineer by occupation. He was tried on 8 May 1941 at the Central Criminal Court (the Old Bailey in London) and convicted for communicating with the German Consul in Boston, Massachusetts, to offer him assistance before the United States entered the Second World War.

His appeal on 23 June 1941, at the Court of Criminal Appeal, was dismissed, and on 10 July 1941 at the age of 39 Armstrong was executed by hanging at HM Prison Wandsworth by Thomas Pierrepoint.
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Sunday, December 15, 2019

NHT - Naval Hx - Treaties

Treaties and War, The Washington Naval Conference > .

The Washington Naval Treaty, also known as the Five-Power Treaty, was signed during 1922 among the major nations that had won World War I, which agreed to prevent an arms race by limiting naval construction. It was negotiated at the Washington Naval Conference, held in Washington, D.C., from November 1921 to February 1922, and it was signed by the governments of the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy, and Japan. It limited the construction of battleships, battlecruisers and aircraft carriers by the signatories. Numbers of other categories of warships, including cruisers, destroyers and submarines, were not limited by the treaty, but those ships were limited to 10,000 tons displacement each.

The treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.

Later naval arms limitation conferences sought additional limitations of warship building. The terms of the Washington treaty were modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936. By the mid-1930s, Japan and Italy renounced the treaties, while Germany renounced the Treaty of Versailles which had limited its navy. Naval arms limitation became increasingly difficult for the other signatories.


Naval Impact of American Isolationism | Interbellum | 1933 3/3 > .
1930 London Naval Treaty > .

30-4-22 London Naval Treaty Signed .. 
HMS Belfast; London Naval Treaty, 1930 .. 

The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is its weight based on the amount of water its hull displaces at varying loads. It is measured indirectly using Archimedes' principle by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship then converting that value into weight displaced. Traditionally, various measurement rules have been in use, giving various measures in long tons. Today, metric tonnes are more used.

Definitions: Ship displacement varies by a vessel's degree of load, from its empty weight as designed (known as "Lightweight tonnage") to its maximum load. Numerous specific terms are used to describe varying levels of load and trim. Ship displacement should not be confused with measurements of volume or capacity typically used for commercial vessels, such as net tonnage, gross tonnage, or deadweight tonnage.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship) . 
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Wednesday, July 31, 2019

●● Law, Government, Politics

● Government Ministries ..
> > Governments > >

● Acts, Charters, Treaties - post WW1 ..
Against Appeasing Sociopathy ⇻
BBC ..
Canada Politics ..1957 Defence White Paper ..


"Liberal" History .. 1909-4-29 People's Budget ..Political Squabbles - UK, 21st ..
WarAg - Farming in Britain During WW2 ..
Women & Children - Home Front ..
Worst Prime Minister? ..
WWII? ..

Air Ministry - Adastral House ..1854-3-20 Republican Party ..     Voting Systems ..

Anocracy, Autocracy, >> Authoritarianism >>>

British Government Ministries

Econopolitics 


21st century
Merkel, Angela ..

Canada 

CCP vs USA

Crypto, Currency

Axis 
German military government


Education

Europe


Japan
Meiji Japan ..


Communications


Prisons


Resistance

Resources


Social Progress - Britain, Commonwealth

Social Regress - Britain, Commonwealth

Social Progress/Regress - USA

Social Regress - China


Treaties/Alliances

Asia

Europe

USA
US Political Labels ..73-1-22 Roe v Wade ..

USSR / Russian Federation
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...

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