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Showing posts with label Oz-21. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Oz-21. Show all posts
Thursday, February 13, 2025
PLANning War 2025
24-3-12 Military Strategist: How Xina Would Likely Invade Taiwan | WSJ > .25-2-5 Xina's Plan to Militarize the Belt and Road - Aaron > .
Tuesday, December 31, 2024
Thursday, January 6, 2022
West ➾ Russia 2022
22-12-8 History Behind Russia's Expansionary Foreign Policy - Kotkin | Policy > .
22-12-8 War in Ukraine 'has activated the West', expert says - Forces > .
22-12-8 War in Ukraine 'has activated the West', expert says - Forces > .
22-10-7 What If Pootin Nukes Ukraine? - OBF > .
22-6-23 Germany's $100 Billion Military Upgrade - CaspianReport > .
22-4-14 Lithuanian Army Ready For War? Task & Purpose > .
22-4-8 How (so many) Russian Tanks Are Being Destroyed - CoCa > .
22-4-5 Do Sanctions Work? - Economics Explained > . skip ad > .
22-4-4 Russia’s David vs Ukraine’s Goliath? Manpower woes - Binkov > .
22-4-1 Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Sparking NATO Defense Spending Spree? > .
22-3-31 The weapons Ukraine uses against Russia - CaspianReport > .
22-3-30 Cold War 1, Russian Invasion of Ukraine - Ċold Ŵar 2 Sanctions > .
22-3-30 How will Germany spend its massive €100 billion military budget? | DW > .
22-3-29 The Sanctioned Russian Economy 🇷🇺 : A new Russia? - Action > .
22-3-27 Are Tanks Obsolete? [Vlad's Disaster &] The Future of Warfare - nwyt > .
22-3-25 “Bear Trap” – War in Ukraine: 1 Month of Russian Invasion - Animarchy > .
22-3-23 Polish citizens join army b/o Russian invasion of Ukraine - BBC > .
22-3-22 Cold War 2.0? Global Economic Impact of Sanctions Against Russia | WSJ > .
22-3-20 Ukraine’s ‘secret weapons’: Training foreign fighters | 60 Min Aus > .
22-3-19 [Тѕаr Rυnt dragging] Russia headed to strategic defeat in Ukraine - Caspian > .
22-3-18 The Rather Pathetic Economy of Russia - EcEx > .
Ruscism ..
Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..Wednesday, October 20, 2021
IPCW - Indo-Pacific Coalition of the Willing
23-1-31 NATO's cooperation with Indo-Pacific partners 🇦🇺 🇯🇵 🇳🇿 🇰🇷 > .
The term coalition of the willing refers to an international alliance focused on achieving a particular objective, usually of military or political nature.
23-12-9 Does Japan Need a New Army? - Vis Pol > .
Tuesday, July 27, 2021
BRI - Belt & Road Initiative
22-11-27 Dragon's Claw: Xina's Next 10 Years - Kamome > . skip > .
23-9-22 Xina’s New BRI $6B Railway in Laos: Massive Debt Trap | WSJ > .20-4-30 Why Pakistan's Geography Sucks - Real > .
23-4-16 Logan Wright Grasping Shadows X-Ec 1 - Update > . 2 > .
23-3-10 Bumpy Rise of Indonesia - gtbt > . skip > .
23-1-18 Middle Corridor - Inland Silk Road - Caspian > .22-11-27 Dragon's Claw: Xina's Next 10 Years - Kamome > . skip > .
22-10-27 Xina is "Pretty Much Screwed" - laowhy86 > .
22-10-25 Xina's Q3 details - Update > .
22-10-20 XiXiPee Congress Day 3 - Update > .
22-10-18 XiXiPee Congress Day 2 - Update > .
22-10-17 XiXiPee Congress Day 1 - Update > .
22-8-4 Situation Zoom: Pelosi Visits Taiwan | Goodfellows - Hoover > .
22-7-31 How PGII & IPEF could checkmate BRI - CaspianReport > .
22-7-31 How PGII & IPEF could checkmate BRI - CaspianReport > .
22-7-6 How China plans for naval dominance - Caspian > .
22-7-6 IISS Special Lecture: Australia, ASEAN and Southeast Asia > .
22-7-6 IISS Special Lecture: Australia, ASEAN and Southeast Asia > .
21-12-23 Can Australia help to Stop China? (JB's latest move) - VisPol > . skip ad > .
21-7-27 China stocks see biggest slump in US since 2008 financial crisis: The Nasdaq Golden Dragon China Index, which follows the 98 biggest US-listed Chinese stocks, has fallen by almost 15% in the last two trading sessions. The index has now plummeted by more than 45% since hitting a record high in February.
The slump comes after a series of crackdowns by Beijing on its technology and education industries. This has led to around $770bn (£556bn) being wiped off the value of US-listed Chinese stocks in the last five months alone.
State-owned enterprises of China w
China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (abbreviated CRCC) is a listed construction enterprise based in Beijing, China, that was the second largest construction and engineering company in the world by revenue in 2014. The limited company was incorporated in 2007 in order to float the assets of China Railway Construction Corporation [Group] (CRCCG, or the holding company) in Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchange. CRCCG retained some assets which was deemed not suitable to float in the stock exchange.
CRCCG is under the supervision of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. Since February 2008, A shares and H shares of CRCC are listing on the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges.
The financial report of the parent company (holding company) is not disclosed. As both parent and subsidiary share almost the same English name, one without the word "Limited" (they have different names in Chinese), the business activities of the holding company was often incorrectly mixed up with the publicly floated limited liability subsidiary by the media.
BRI - Chinese Imperialism - Rap >> .
Indo-Pacific Security & Threats - Γαῖα >> .
Geoff Raby interview > .
00:00 - Introduction
04:01 - Chit Chat
05:37 - How Has Your Idea Of China Changed Over The Years?
09:31 - Romatisicing The Early Days As A Diplomat In China?
14:11 - How Has Australia's Relationship With China Changed?
19:36 - Underlying Incentives For BRI (Belt & Road Initiative)
22:32 - What Do You Think Made Bob Hawke So Succesful In China?
27:51 - Geoff Experience With SEZ (Special Economic Zones) Of China.
35:31 - China Managing Their Middle Income Trap.
41:01 - How Do You Manage The Competing Interests Of What You Think Is Right Versus The Australian Politics Of The Day.
43:29 - Geoff Operating As Australia's Ambassador To China.
46:21 - Australian Soft Power.
54:13 - What Would You Have Had Scott Morrison Do?
55:41 - Australia's Dystopian Future.
1:06:12 - An Australian Foreign Policy Based In Realism.
1:10:33 - Security In The South China Sea.
1:16:26 - Geoff Addressing The Uigher Humanitarian Disaster In China.
1:27:51 - How Much Is Hong Kong Foreshadowing For Taiwan?
1:31:51 - What Country Are You Most Bullish On?
1:32:29 - What Two People Would You Witness A Conversation Between?
Indo-Pacific Security & Threats - Γαῖα >> .
00:00 - Introduction
04:01 - Chit Chat
05:37 - How Has Your Idea Of China Changed Over The Years?
09:31 - Romatisicing The Early Days As A Diplomat In China?
14:11 - How Has Australia's Relationship With China Changed?
19:36 - Underlying Incentives For BRI (Belt & Road Initiative)
22:32 - What Do You Think Made Bob Hawke So Succesful In China?
27:51 - Geoff Experience With SEZ (Special Economic Zones) Of China.
35:31 - China Managing Their Middle Income Trap.
41:01 - How Do You Manage The Competing Interests Of What You Think Is Right Versus The Australian Politics Of The Day.
43:29 - Geoff Operating As Australia's Ambassador To China.
46:21 - Australian Soft Power.
54:13 - What Would You Have Had Scott Morrison Do?
55:41 - Australia's Dystopian Future.
1:06:12 - An Australian Foreign Policy Based In Realism.
1:10:33 - Security In The South China Sea.
1:16:26 - Geoff Addressing The Uigher Humanitarian Disaster In China.
1:27:51 - How Much Is Hong Kong Foreshadowing For Taiwan?
1:31:51 - What Country Are You Most Bullish On?
1:32:29 - What Two People Would You Witness A Conversation Between?
The slump comes after a series of crackdowns by Beijing on its technology and education industries. This has led to around $770bn (£556bn) being wiped off the value of US-listed Chinese stocks in the last five months alone.
China has over 150,000 State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), an incredible number when compared against the handful most major economies possess. With 91 Chinese state companies being included in the World’s Top Fortune 500. That’s almost 1 in 5. Here’s why? First, China’s history as a planned economy has meant the CCP has, since 1949, played a central role. Second, the government views SOEs as an integral part of it’s ambitious mega projects, given their scale and strong government links. Being involved in 1,000s of projects, for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) alone. Today they account for some 40% of China’s total Stock Market by value. Third, SOEs are relied upon to get the economy moving. Making up some 25% of the economy, they played a fundamental role in why China avoided recession in 2020.
The financial report of the parent company (holding company) is not disclosed. As both parent and subsidiary share almost the same English name, one without the word "Limited" (they have different names in Chinese), the business activities of the holding company was often incorrectly mixed up with the publicly floated limited liability subsidiary by the media.
China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation Ltd. (abbreviation CCECC) was established in June 1979 under the approval of the State Council of the People's Republic of China.
It performs international contracting and economic cooperation, CCECC has been developed from the earlier Foreign Aid Department of the Ministry of Railways (with the experience of executing the biggest foreign-aid project of China, the TAZARA) into a large-scale state-owned enterprise for project contracting.
Its business scope expands from international contracting for railway construction to civil engineering design & consultancy, real estate development, trading, industrial investment and hotel management as well. The business activities of CCECC have expanded to over 40 countries and regions where more than 20 overseas offices or subsidiaries have been established. With its excellent performance and high quality in services, CCECC has been listed among the world's top 255 international contractors for many years and ranked consecutively among the first 70 in recent years by the Engineering News Record "ENR".
China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC), a subsidiary of Fortune Global 500 company China Communications Construction Company (CCCC), focuses on global civil engineering and construction projects such as highways, railways, bridges, ports, and tunnels. Growing out of the Foreign Aid Office of the Ministry of Communications of China, CRBC and its predecessors have been executing projects since 1958. In 1979, CRBC was formally established and entered the international contracting market. The parent entity, CCCC, was formed through the combination of CRBC and China Harbour Engineering Co Ltd (CHEC) in 2005.
CRBC is among the largest engineering and construction firms globally, and operates from more than 50 branches and offices throughout Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. CRBC has played a key role in the design and construction of both greenfield and brownfield infrastructure projects in developing countries, especially those located in Africa where it is a market leader. The company has full EPC capabilities, and actively pursues P3 projects, often acting as concessionaire. The company's motto is: "Build roads and bridges, make contributions to society, put employees first, and strive for excellence."
In addition to the design and construction of infrastructure, CRBC is engaged in infrastructure equity investment; real estate development and management; and industrial park equity investment and development.
It performs international contracting and economic cooperation, CCECC has been developed from the earlier Foreign Aid Department of the Ministry of Railways (with the experience of executing the biggest foreign-aid project of China, the TAZARA) into a large-scale state-owned enterprise for project contracting.
Its business scope expands from international contracting for railway construction to civil engineering design & consultancy, real estate development, trading, industrial investment and hotel management as well. The business activities of CCECC have expanded to over 40 countries and regions where more than 20 overseas offices or subsidiaries have been established. With its excellent performance and high quality in services, CCECC has been listed among the world's top 255 international contractors for many years and ranked consecutively among the first 70 in recent years by the Engineering News Record "ENR".
CRBC is among the largest engineering and construction firms globally, and operates from more than 50 branches and offices throughout Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas. CRBC has played a key role in the design and construction of both greenfield and brownfield infrastructure projects in developing countries, especially those located in Africa where it is a market leader. The company has full EPC capabilities, and actively pursues P3 projects, often acting as concessionaire. The company's motto is: "Build roads and bridges, make contributions to society, put employees first, and strive for excellence."
In addition to the design and construction of infrastructure, CRBC is engaged in infrastructure equity investment; real estate development and management; and industrial park equity investment and development.
BRI Africa
Monday, July 26, 2021
CAI, RCEP - Asia, Europe, USA
24-7-20 Malaysia [could become] next global chip giant - Caspian Report > .
2021 QUAD? Can Biden create an Asian NATO against China? - VisPol > .23-9-7 Li Qiang at ASEAN - Update > .
22-11-27 Dragon's Claw: Xina's Next 10 Years - Kamome > . skip > .
22-10-27 Xina's Economy 60% Smaller Than Claimed - Macro > . skip > .
22-10-27 GDP Deflator - Macro > .
22-10-25 Xina's Q3 details - Update > .
22-10-11 Condeleeza Rice - Xina and Taiwan - Hoover > .
22-8-4 Situation Zoom: Pelosi Visits Taiwan | Goodfellows - Hoover > .
22-7-21 Xina losing international trust, 10 Pacific nations rebuff joint agreement - CR > .
22-7-21 Xina losing international trust, 10 Pacific nations rebuff joint agreement - CR > .
2016 RCEP vs exed-TPP > .
22-2-24 Australia considers replacing bullying CCP with Indian Market - Insight > .
22-1-6 Australia & Japan sign security cooperation treaty - Focus > .
21-12-28 Australia to streamline weapon-buying process - Focus > .
The Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) is a proposed investment deal between the People's Republic of China and the European Union. Proposed in 2013, the deal had NOT been signed as of 27 October 2022. In December 2020, the European Commission announced that the agreement was concluded in principle by the leaders of the EU Council, pending ratification by the European Parliament.
In March 2021, it was reported that there would be serious doubts about the approval of the deal in the European Parliament given China's "unacceptable" behavior toward members of the parliament, the European Council's Political and Security Committee, and European think tanks.
The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade agreement between the Asia-Pacific nations of Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. The 15 member countries account for about 30% of the world's population (2.2 billion people) and 30% of global GDP ($26.2 trillion) as of 2020, making it the biggest trade bloc in history. Unifying the preexisting bilateral agreements between the 10-member ASEAN and five of its major trade partners, the RCEP was signed on 15 November 2020 at a virtual ASEAN Summit hosted by Vietnam, and will take effect 60 days after it has been ratified by at least six ASEAN and three non-ASEAN signatories.
The trade pact, which includes a mix of high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries, was conceived at the 2011 ASEAN Summit in Bali, Indonesia, while its negotiations were formally launched during the 2012 ASEAN Summit in Cambodia. It is expected to eliminate about 90% of the tariffs on imports between its signatories within 20 years of coming into force, and establish common rules for e-commerce, trade, and intellectual property. The unified rules of origin will help facilitate international supply chains and reduce export costs throughout the bloc.
The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between China, Japan, and South Korea, three of the four largest economies in Asia. Several analysts predicted that it would offer significant economic gains for signatory nations, as well as "pull the economic centre of gravity back towards Asia, with China poised to take the lead in writing trade rules for the region", leaving the U.S. behind in economic and political affairs. Reactions from others were neutral or negative, with some analysts saying that the economic gains from the trade deal would be modest. The RCEP has been criticized for ignoring labor, human rights, and environmental sustainability issues.
The new free trade bloc will be bigger than both the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement and the European Union. The combined GDP of potential RCEP members surpassed the combined GDP of Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) members in 2007. It was suggested that continued economic growth, particularly in China and Indonesia, could see total GDP in the original RCEP membership grow to over US$100 trillion by 2050, roughly double the project size of TPP economies. On 23 January 2017, UNpresident Idiot-in-Cheat signed a memorandum withdrawing the United States from the TPP, a move which was seen to improve the chances of success for RCEP.
CAI, RCEP - Asia, Europe, USA ..
EU 2023 ..
In March 2021, it was reported that there would be serious doubts about the approval of the deal in the European Parliament given China's "unacceptable" behavior toward members of the parliament, the European Council's Political and Security Committee, and European think tanks.
The trade pact, which includes a mix of high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries, was conceived at the 2011 ASEAN Summit in Bali, Indonesia, while its negotiations were formally launched during the 2012 ASEAN Summit in Cambodia. It is expected to eliminate about 90% of the tariffs on imports between its signatories within 20 years of coming into force, and establish common rules for e-commerce, trade, and intellectual property. The unified rules of origin will help facilitate international supply chains and reduce export costs throughout the bloc.
The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between China, Japan, and South Korea, three of the four largest economies in Asia. Several analysts predicted that it would offer significant economic gains for signatory nations, as well as "pull the economic centre of gravity back towards Asia, with China poised to take the lead in writing trade rules for the region", leaving the U.S. behind in economic and political affairs. Reactions from others were neutral or negative, with some analysts saying that the economic gains from the trade deal would be modest. The RCEP has been criticized for ignoring labor, human rights, and environmental sustainability issues.
- Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA) .
- Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
- Trans-Pacific Partnership .
- East Asian Community .
- East Asia Summit .
- Asian values .
- Pan-Asianism .
- South Asian Free Trade Area .
- Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) .
- Market access .
- Free-trade area .
- China–European Union relations .
- United States–European Union relations .
- China–United States relations .
Sunday, July 25, 2021
Debt-Trap Diplomacy
23-9-6 Xina's Four Economic Problems - Attempted Thought > .
Debt-trap diplomacy is a theory to describe a powerful lending country or institution seeking to saddle a borrowing nation with enormous debt so as to increase its leverage over it. Debt-trap diplomacy has been referred to by several other terms, including "debt-book diplomacy". The term 'debt-trap diplomacy' was introduced by Indian academic Brahma Chellaney in early 2017 and has been widely used in recent years to accuse China of Machiavellian lending policies. Within 12 months the term had quickly spread through the media, intelligence circles, and western governments. It has since expanded to include other parts of the world and was further defined and expanded upon in the context of Chinese geostrategic interests in a 2018 Harvard University report.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a multi-billion-dollar expansion project of China, to expand its power through lending to countries to spur their economic growth. The BRI project was launched in 2013 by Chinese leader Xi Jinping to improve the infrastructure of countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia in exchange for global trade opportunities and economic advantage.
BRI - Belt & Road Initiative ..
21-12-22 Sri Lanka plans to pay off Iran oil debt with tea:
22-11-27 Dragon's Claw: Xina's Next 10 Years - Kamome > . skip > .
22-9-24 Xina's and Australia’s power plays in the Pacific - Caspian > .
CPEC - 2020 China-Pakistan Economic Corridor’s Return to the Shadows .
22-1-18 China's debt-burden acquisition of Sri Lankan port of Hambantota - Focus > .
2015 Why China Will Not Become the Dominant Power in Asia - ANU > .
>> Asia >>>
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>> Ċold Ŵar 2 >>>
>> Conflict ⇔ China >>>
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>> EW - Economic Warfare >>>
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Global
21-8-20 Protests in Pakistan erupt against China’s Belt and Road plan: Demonstrations shut down Gwadar, where Chinese are blamed for lack of water and electricity and threat to local fishing [Inevitable, it appears.]
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a multi-billion-dollar expansion project of China, to expand its power through lending to countries to spur their economic growth. The BRI project was launched in 2013 by Chinese leader Xi Jinping to improve the infrastructure of countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia in exchange for global trade opportunities and economic advantage.
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R), known in Chinese and formerly in English as One Belt One Road (OBOR), is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government in 2013 to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. It is considered a centerpiece of Communist Party of China (CPC) general secretary and Chinese leader Xi Jinping's foreign policy, who originally announced the strategy as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" during an official visit to Kazakhstan in September 2013.
"Belt" is short for the "Silk Road Economic Belt," referring to the proposed overland routes for road and rail transportation through landlocked Central Asia along the famed historical trade routes of the Western Regions; whereas "road" is short for the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", referring to the Indo-Pacific sea routes through Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Examples of Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure investments include ports, skyscrapers, railroads, roads, airports, dams, and railroad tunnels.
The initiative was incorporated into the Constitution of China in 2017. The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future." The project has a target completion date of 2049, which will coincide with the centennial anniversary of the People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding. Some observers and skeptics, mainly from non-participant countries, including the United States, interpret it as a plan for a sinocentric international trade network. In response the United States, Japan and Australia had formed a counter initiative, the Blue Dot Network in 2019. Australia announced on 21 April 2021 via Foreign Minister Marise Payne that Australia would be pulling out of the "Belt and Road" initiative completely.
"Belt" is short for the "Silk Road Economic Belt," referring to the proposed overland routes for road and rail transportation through landlocked Central Asia along the famed historical trade routes of the Western Regions; whereas "road" is short for the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", referring to the Indo-Pacific sea routes through Southeast Asia to South Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Examples of Belt and Road Initiative infrastructure investments include ports, skyscrapers, railroads, roads, airports, dams, and railroad tunnels.
The initiative was incorporated into the Constitution of China in 2017. The Chinese government calls the initiative "a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future." The project has a target completion date of 2049, which will coincide with the centennial anniversary of the People's Republic of China (PRC)'s founding. Some observers and skeptics, mainly from non-participant countries, including the United States, interpret it as a plan for a sinocentric international trade network. In response the United States, Japan and Australia had formed a counter initiative, the Blue Dot Network in 2019. Australia announced on 21 April 2021 via Foreign Minister Marise Payne that Australia would be pulling out of the "Belt and Road" initiative completely.
The Blue Dot Network (BDN) is a multi-stakeholder initiative formed by the United States, Japan, and Australia to provide assessment and certification of infrastructure development projects worldwide on measures of financial transparency, environmental sustainability, and impact on economic development, with the goal of mobilizing private capital to invest abroad.
It was formally announced on 4 November 2019 at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand on the sidelines of the 35th ASEAN Summit. It is led by the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia.
The Blue Dot Network is expected to serve as a global evaluation and certification system for roads, ports and bridges with a focus on the Indo-Pacific region. It has been considered as a counter-initiative to China's Belt and Road Initiative.
It was formally announced on 4 November 2019 at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok, Thailand on the sidelines of the 35th ASEAN Summit. It is led by the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia.
The Blue Dot Network is expected to serve as a global evaluation and certification system for roads, ports and bridges with a focus on the Indo-Pacific region. It has been considered as a counter-initiative to China's Belt and Road Initiative.
The theory of debt-trap diplomacy is that the creditor country intentionally extends excessive credit to a debtor country, thereby inducing the debtor into a debt trap. This is done with the intention of extracting economic or political concessions from the debtor country when it becomes unable to meet its debt repayment obligations. The conditions of the loans are often not made public, and the borrowed money commonly pays contractors from the creditor country. Although the term has been applied to the lending practices of many countries and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), it is most commonly alleged towards the People's Republic of China (PRC). Bilateral agreements made as part of China's Belt and Road Initiative have particularly furthered this association, specifically with regard to Chinese infrastructure loans to developing nations and the consequent leveraging of accumulated debt to achieve Beijing's strategic aims.
Proponents of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’ theory have claimed that China's geostrategic interests are served when its partners struggle with debt. The resulting economic crises supposedly would allow Beijing to exploit and seize assets and helps its political influence. But according to a TRT article, the evidence so far contradicts the theory. Far from expanding China's global power, case studies have instead shown that heavily indebted recipients of Chinese loans were a large liability for China. An example would be Pakistan. China has had to slow down its flagship CPEC initiative and provide emergency financing to fend off an economic catastrophe. Pakistan was later forced to approach the IMF for another bailout, which exposed China's loans and investments to global scrutiny and increasing Washington's leverage over Pakistan (given that the US is a majority shareholder in the IMF). This was no political gain for Beijing when Pakistan had struggled to pay back loans.
Proponents of ‘debt-trap diplomacy’ theory have claimed that China's geostrategic interests are served when its partners struggle with debt. The resulting economic crises supposedly would allow Beijing to exploit and seize assets and helps its political influence. But according to a TRT article, the evidence so far contradicts the theory. Far from expanding China's global power, case studies have instead shown that heavily indebted recipients of Chinese loans were a large liability for China. An example would be Pakistan. China has had to slow down its flagship CPEC initiative and provide emergency financing to fend off an economic catastrophe. Pakistan was later forced to approach the IMF for another bailout, which exposed China's loans and investments to global scrutiny and increasing Washington's leverage over Pakistan (given that the US is a majority shareholder in the IMF). This was no political gain for Beijing when Pakistan had struggled to pay back loans.
The validity of allegations against China has been criticized by multiple academic institutions including Rhodium Group, Chatham House and Princeton University, which have denied the narrative of debt-trap diplomacy in the context of Chinese investments.
Princeton University published an article disputing the term and quoted a March 2018 report released by the Center for Global Development, that contradicts the theory as the paper concludes that between 2001 and 2017, China had restructured or waived loans for 51 debtor nations, the majority of BRI participants, without seizing state assets.
China Railway Construction Corporation Limited (abbreviated CRCC)
China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation Ltd. (abbreviation CCECC)
China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC), a subsidiary of Fortune Global 500 company China Communications Construction Company (CCCC)
Sri Lanka plans to settle a debt for past oil imports from Iran by paying it off in tea, a government minister said. Ramesh Pathirana said his country hoped to send $5m (£3.8m) worth of tea to Iran each month to clear a $251m debt. Pathirana said the method of payment would not violate United Nations or American sanctions, because tea was categorised as a food item on humanitarian grounds, and no black-listed Iranian banks would be involved.
Sri Lanka is experiencing a severe debt and foreign exchange crisis, which has been made worse by the loss of tourist income during the coronavirus pandemic. A member of the country's tea board said it was the first time tea had been bartered to settle foreign debt.
Sri Lanka is experiencing a severe debt and foreign exchange crisis, which has been made worse by the loss of tourist income during the coronavirus pandemic. A member of the country's tea board said it was the first time tea had been bartered to settle foreign debt.
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
