Monday, December 31, 2012
Friday, December 28, 2012
Astropolitik
23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .23-5-21 Space Warfare & Anti Satellite Weapons - warfighting domain - Perun > .
23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .
23-4-27 Xina vs USA Ċold Ŵar 2 will be Fought in Space - Times > .
21-3-20 Geopolitics Podcast: Outer Space & the New Cold War - Geopoliticus > .
Space Races - Tzu >> .
Space Races - Tzu >> .
Military Power Projection - Mil Pow >> .
04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
SpEc - Space Economics ..
The politics of outer space includes space treaties, law in space, international cooperation and conflict in space exploration, international economics and the hypothetical political impact of any contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.
Astropolitics, also known as astropolitik, has its foundations in geopolitics and is a theory that is used for space in its broadest sense. Astropolitics is often studied as an aspect of the security studies and international relations subfields of political science. This includes the role of space exploration in diplomacy as well as the military uses of satellites, for example, for surveillance or cyber warfare. It is also rooted in the study of International Economics to better understand the financial impacts here on Earth of the commercial use of space, the mining of lunar resources and asteroid mining.
An important aspect of the geopolitics of space is the prevention of a military threat to Earth from outer space.
International cooperation on space projects has resulted in the creation of new national space agencies. By 2005 there were 35 national civilian space agencies.
Geopolitics Podcast: Outer Space & the New Cold War
00:30 Russia-China Lunar Base Partnership 04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
The politics of outer space includes space treaties, law in space, international cooperation and conflict in space exploration, international economics and the hypothetical political impact of any contact with extraterrestrial intelligence.
Astropolitics, also known as astropolitik, has its foundations in geopolitics and is a theory that is used for space in its broadest sense. Astropolitics is often studied as an aspect of the security studies and international relations subfields of political science. This includes the role of space exploration in diplomacy as well as the military uses of satellites, for example, for surveillance or cyber warfare. It is also rooted in the study of International Economics to better understand the financial impacts here on Earth of the commercial use of space, the mining of lunar resources and asteroid mining.
An important aspect of the geopolitics of space is the prevention of a military threat to Earth from outer space.
International cooperation on space projects has resulted in the creation of new national space agencies. By 2005 there were 35 national civilian space agencies.
Thursday, December 27, 2012
Baikonur Cosmodrome
.Baikonur Cosmodrome: Soviet Gateway to the Stars - Geog > .The Soviet Space Weapons That Never Were - Side > .Semipalatinsk: The Most Nuked Place on Earth - Geog > .
Darvaza Gas Crater: The Soviet Gateway to Hell - Geog > .
The Trans-Siberian Railway: The Russian Route East - Geog > .Geopolitics of Kazakhstan: Between Dragon and Bear - KJ R > .
China's Belt and Road - impact on Uzbekistan? | New Silk Road - CNA > .The Trans-Siberian Railway: The Russian Route East - Geog > .Geopolitics of Kazakhstan: Between Dragon and Bear - KJ R > .
Orbit graphic ▫
The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Космодро́м Байкону; Kosmodrom Baykonur) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.
The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. The spaceport is in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Baikonur Cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018.
The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east–west by 85 kilometres (53 mi) north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Both Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.
Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth-largest country in the world. It has a population of 18.8 million residents, and has one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). Since 1997, the capital is Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana. It was moved from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz. The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Human rights organisations have described the Kazakh government as authoritarian, and regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources, and is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations (UN), WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, CCTS, the Turkic Council and TURKSOY.
The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. The spaceport is in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Baikonur Cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018.
The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east–west by 85 kilometres (53 mi) north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Both Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country mainly located in Central Asia with a smaller portion west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe. It covers a land area of 2,724,900 square kilometres (1,052,100 sq mi), and shares land borders with Russia in the north, China in the east, and Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south while also adjoining a large part of the Caspian Sea in the southwest. Kazakhstan does not border Mongolia, although they are only 37 kilometers apart, separated by a short portion of the border between Russia and China.
Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth-largest country in the world. It has a population of 18.8 million residents, and has one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq mi). Since 1997, the capital is Nur-Sultan, formerly known as Astana. It was moved from Almaty, the country's largest city.
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, the territory was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. By the 16th century, the Kazakh emerged as a distinct group, divided into three jüz. The Russians began advancing into the Kazakh steppe in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the Russian Empire. Following the 1917 Russian Revolution, and subsequent civil war, the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last of the Soviet republics to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Human rights organisations have described the Kazakh government as authoritarian, and regularly describe Kazakhstan's human rights situation as poor.
Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources, and is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage. Kazakhstan is a member of the United Nations (UN), WTO, CIS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Eurasian Economic Union, CSTO, OSCE, OIC, CCTS, the Turkic Council and TURKSOY.
Boca Chica Starbase
.Why SpaceX Is Starting Its Own City - Primal > .
4:21 skip ad > .
SpaceX’s facility in Boca Chica has grown a lot in the last couple of years. But if they want to attract the brightest minds to come and work there, they need to turn Boca Chica into a thriving city. This video looks at the plans to create Starbase and what SpaceX needs to do to make it happen.
BX37 - Boeing X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle
.Boeing X-37: America's Secret Space Plane - Mega > .
22-2-23 New Space Race is More Insane than Ever - RealLifeLore > .
The Boeing X-37, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft. It is boosted into space by a launch vehicle, then re-enters Earth's atmosphere and lands as a spaceplane. The X-37 is operated by the United States Space Force, and was previously operated by Air Force Space Command until 2019 for orbital spaceflight missions intended to demonstrate reusable space technologies. It is a 120-percent-scaled derivative of the earlier Boeing X-40. The X-37 began as a NASA project in 1999, before being transferred to the United States Department of Defense in 2004.
The X-37 first flew during a drop test in 2006; its first orbital mission was launched in April 2010 on an Atlas V rocket, and returned to Earth in December 2010. Subsequent flights gradually extended the mission duration, reaching 780 days in orbit for the fifth mission, the first to launch on a Falcon 9 rocket. The latest mission, the sixth, launched on an Atlas V on 17 May 2020.
In 1999, NASA selected Boeing Integrated Defense Systems to design and develop an orbital vehicle, built by the California branch of Boeing's Phantom Works. Over a four-year period, a total of US$192 million was spent on the project, with NASA contributing $109 million, the U.S. Air Force $16 million, and Boeing $67 million. In late 2002, a new $301-million contract was awarded to Boeing as part of NASA's Space Launch Initiative framework.
The aerodynamic design of the X-37 was derived from the larger Space Shuttle orbiter, hence the X-37 has a similar lift-to-drag ratio, and a lower cross range at higher altitudes and Mach numbers compared to DARPA's Hypersonic Technology Vehicle. An early requirement for the spacecraft called for a total mission delta-v of 7,000 miles per hour (3.1 km/s) for orbital maneuvers. An early goal for the program was for the X-37 to rendezvous with satellites and perform repairs. The X-37 was originally designed to be carried into orbit in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle, but underwent redesign for launch on a Delta IV or comparable rocket after it was determined that a shuttle flight would be uneconomical.
The X-37 was transferred from NASA to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA ..) on 13 September 2004. Thereafter, the program became a classified project. DARPA promoted the X-37 as part of the independent space policy that the United States Department of Defense has pursued since the 1986 Challenger disaster.
The X-37 first flew during a drop test in 2006; its first orbital mission was launched in April 2010 on an Atlas V rocket, and returned to Earth in December 2010. Subsequent flights gradually extended the mission duration, reaching 780 days in orbit for the fifth mission, the first to launch on a Falcon 9 rocket. The latest mission, the sixth, launched on an Atlas V on 17 May 2020.
The aerodynamic design of the X-37 was derived from the larger Space Shuttle orbiter, hence the X-37 has a similar lift-to-drag ratio, and a lower cross range at higher altitudes and Mach numbers compared to DARPA's Hypersonic Technology Vehicle. An early requirement for the spacecraft called for a total mission delta-v of 7,000 miles per hour (3.1 km/s) for orbital maneuvers. An early goal for the program was for the X-37 to rendezvous with satellites and perform repairs. The X-37 was originally designed to be carried into orbit in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle, but underwent redesign for launch on a Delta IV or comparable rocket after it was determined that a shuttle flight would be uneconomical.
The X-37 was transferred from NASA to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA ..) on 13 September 2004. Thereafter, the program became a classified project. DARPA promoted the X-37 as part of the independent space policy that the United States Department of Defense has pursued since the 1986 Challenger disaster.
Wednesday, December 26, 2012
Carrington CME Event
.
The Carrington Event: Earth's Electronic Apocalypse - Geog > . skip > .EMP Attack ..
The Carrington Event was a powerful geomagnetic storm on September 1–2, 1859, during solar cycle 10 (1855–1867). A solar coronal mass ejection (CME) hit Earth's magnetosphere and induced the largest geomagnetic storm on record.
A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant release of plasma and accompanying magnetic field from the solar corona. They often follow solar flares and are normally present during a solar prominence eruption. The plasma is released into the solar wind, and can be observed in coronagraph imagery.
Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near solar minima, there is about one CME every five days.
The largest recorded geomagnetic perturbation, resulting presumably from a CME hitting the Earth's magnetosphere, was the solar storm of 1859 (the Carrington Event), which took down parts of the recently created US telegraph network, starting fires and shocking some telegraph operators.
Coronal mass ejections are often associated with other forms of solar activity, but a broadly accepted theoretical understanding of these relationships has not been established. CMEs most often originate from active regions on the Sun's surface, such as groupings of sunspots associated with frequent flares. Near solar maxima, the Sun produces about three CMEs every day, whereas near solar minima, there is about one CME every five days.
The largest recorded geomagnetic perturbation, resulting presumably from a CME hitting the Earth's magnetosphere, was the solar storm of 1859 (the Carrington Event), which took down parts of the recently created US telegraph network, starting fires and shocking some telegraph operators.
The Carrington Event's associated "white light flare" in the solar photosphere was observed and recorded by British astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson. The storm caused strong auroral displays and wrought havoc with telegraph systems. The now-standard unique IAU identifier for this flare is SOL1859-09-01.
A solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts, and damage due to extended outages of the electrical grid. The solar storm of 2012 was of similar magnitude, but it passed Earth's orbit without striking the planet, missing by nine days.
A solar storm of this magnitude occurring today would cause widespread electrical disruptions, blackouts, and damage due to extended outages of the electrical grid. The solar storm of 2012 was of similar magnitude, but it passed Earth's orbit without striking the planet, missing by nine days.
Ċold Ŵar 2 in Space
23-4-27 Xina vs USA Ċold Ŵar 2 will be Fought in Space - Times > .
24-2-4 US Space Force: Artemis Accords America's Claims Moon | Researcher > .
24-1-11 PLA worried about military capabilities of Space X Starlink - Update > .
Ċold Ŵar 2
23-12-27 Tech: Why space matters for defence - Saab > .23-11-17 NORAD/Space Force: Inside Cheyenne Mountain - nwyt > . skip > .
23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .
23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .
Tuesday, December 25, 2012
Debris - Space
2019 Truth About Space Debris - ReEn > .
24-3-6 Increasing Possibility of War in Space - Wendover > .
23-8-3 The geopolitical space race – Tim Marshall - Ri > .
23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .
23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .
23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .
22-3-26 Profits, Sovereignty and Security: New Space Economy | DW > .
22-2-23 New Space Race is More Insane than Ever - RealLifeLore > .
How 100,000 Satellites Will Change Earth Forever by 2040 - Real > .
Space - CuDr >> .
Orbit graphic ▫
Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, or space garbage) is defunct human-made objects in space—principally in Earth orbit—which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft—nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages—mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-built objects left in orbit, other examples of space debris include fragments from their disintegration, erosion and collisions, or even paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles from solid rocket motors. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.
Space debris is typically a negative externality—it creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit—a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for in the cost by the launcher or payload owner. Several spacecraft, both manned and unmanned, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris are conducted by some participants in the space industry.
As of October 2019, the US Space Surveillance Network reported nearly 20,000 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites. However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. When the smallest objects of human-made space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with micrometeoroids, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft; the smallest objects cause damage akin to sandblasting, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or star trackers that cannot easily be protected by a ballistic shield.
Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth-altitude, pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids; most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT (nuclear-powered satellites). For comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events—the 2007 Chinese antisat weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision—occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD; however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.
Space debris is typically a negative externality—it creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit—a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for in the cost by the launcher or payload owner. Several spacecraft, both manned and unmanned, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris are conducted by some participants in the space industry.
As of October 2019, the US Space Surveillance Network reported nearly 20,000 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites. However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. When the smallest objects of human-made space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with micrometeoroids, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft; the smallest objects cause damage akin to sandblasting, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or star trackers that cannot easily be protected by a ballistic shield.
Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth-altitude, pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids; most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT (nuclear-powered satellites). For comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events—the 2007 Chinese antisat weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision—occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD; however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kessler+syndrome ?
- Category:Derelict satellites .
- Interplanetary contamination .
- Liability Convention .
- List of large reentering space debris .
- List of space debris producing events .
- Long Duration Exposure Facility .
- Near-Earth object .
- OneWeb satellite constellation .
- Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group .
- Project West Ford .
- Satellite warfare .
- Solar Maximum Mission .
- Spacecraft cemetery .
Monday, December 24, 2012
Economics - Satellites, Exploration
.
18-3-27 Space: The Next Trillion Dollar Industry - Wend > .23-8-3 The geopolitical space race – Tim Marshall - Ri > .
Surveillance, Intelligence
Sunday, December 23, 2012
FOBS - Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
.
24-3-6 Increasing Possibility of War in Space - Wendover > .Like a kinetic bombardment system but with nuclear weapons, FOBS had several attractive qualities: it had no range limit, its flight path would not reveal the target location, and warheads could be directed to North America over the South Pole, evading detection by NORAD's north-facing early warning systems.
The maximum altitude would be around 150km. Energetically, this would require a launch vehicle powerful enough to be capable of putting the weapon 'into orbit'. However the orbit was only a fraction of a full orbit, not sustained, and so there would be much less need to control a precise orbit, or to maintain it long term.
The Baikonur Cosmodrome (Космодро́м Байкону; Kosmodrom Baykonur) is a spaceport in an area of southern Kazakhstan leased to Russia.
The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. The spaceport is in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Baikonur Cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018.
The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east–west by 85 kilometres (53 mi) north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Both Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.
The Cosmodrome is the world's first spaceport for orbital and human launches and the largest (in area) operational space launch facility. The spaceport is in the desert steppe of Baikonur, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of the Aral Sea and north of the river Syr Darya. It is near the Tyuratam railway station and is about 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level. Baikonur Cosmodrome and the city of Baikonur celebrated the 63rd anniversary of the foundation on 2 June 2018.
The spaceport is currently leased by the Kazakh Government to Russia until 2050, and is managed jointly by the Roscosmos State Corporation and the Russian Aerospace Forces.
The shape of the area leased is an ellipse, measuring 90 kilometres (56 mi) east–west by 85 kilometres (53 mi) north–south, with the cosmodrome at the centre. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s as the base of operations for the Soviet space program. Under the current Russian space program, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Both Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, and Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, were launched from Baikonur. The launch pad used for both missions was renamed Gagarin's Start in honor of Russian Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, pilot of Vostok 1 and first human in space.
Saturday, December 22, 2012
GPS - Global Positioning Systems
.
23-8-3 The geopolitical space race – Tim Marshall - Ri > .
23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .
23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
23-5-21 Space Warfare & Anti Satellite Weapons - warfighting domain - Perun > .
23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .
Unexpected Ways Scientists Use GPS - SciShow > .23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .
GPS - Global Positioning Systems ..
The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data, and it operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973, with the first prototype spacecraft launched in 1978 and the full constellation of 24 satellites operational in 1993. Originally limited to use by the United States military, civilian use was allowed from the 1980s following an executive order from President Ronald Reagan. Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX). Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the Clinton Administration in 1998 initiated these changes, which were authorized by the U.S. Congress in 2000.
During the 1990s, GPS quality was degraded by the United States government in a program called "Selective Availability"; this was discontinued on May 1, 2000 by a law signed by President Bill Clinton.
When selective availability was lifted in 2000, GPS had about a five-meter (16 ft) accuracy. The latest stage of accuracy enhancement uses the L5 band and is now fully deployed. GPS receivers released in 2018 that use the L5 band can have much higher accuracy, pinpointing to within 30 centimeters (11.8 in).
The GPS service is provided by the United States government, which can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War, or degrade the service at any time. As a result, several countries have developed or are in the process of setting up other global or regional satellite navigation systems:
The GPS service is provided by the United States government, which can selectively deny access to the system, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War, or degrade the service at any time. As a result, several countries have developed or are in the process of setting up other global or regional satellite navigation systems:
- The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS can be added to GPS devices, making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately, to within two meters (6.6 ft).
- China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System began global services in 2018, and finished its full deployment in 2020.
- There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system, and,
- India's NavIC.
- Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a GPS satellite-based augmentation system to enhance GPS's accuracy in Asia-Oceania, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023.
Thursday, December 20, 2012
ISS - International Space Station
Space Races - Tzu >> .
04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
Geopolitics Podcast: Outer Space & the New Cold War
00:30 Russia-China Lunar Base Partnership04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
Warfare in Space ..
The International Space Station (ISS) is a modular space station (habitable artificial satellite) in low Earth orbit. It is a multinational collaborative project involving five participating space agencies: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), and CSA (Canada). The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted in astrobiology, astronomy, meteorology, physics, and other fields. The ISS is suited for testing the spacecraft systems and equipment required for possible future long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.
The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, an American proposal which was conceived in 1984 to construct a permanently manned Earth-orbiting station, and the contemporaneous Soviet/Russian Mir-2 proposal with similar aims. The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations and the U.S. Skylab. It is the largest artificial object in space and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth's surface. It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft. The ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day.
The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is operated by Russia, while the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) is run by the United States as well as many other nations. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ROS through 2024, having previously proposed using elements of the segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK. The first ISS component was launched in 1998, and the first long-term residents arrived on 2 November 2000 after being launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 31 October 2000. The station has since been continuously occupied for 20 years and 179 days, the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit, having surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by the Mir space station. The latest major pressurised module, Leonardo, was fitted in 2011 and an experimental inflatable space habitat was added in 2016. Development and assembly of the station continues, with several major new Russian elements scheduled for launch starting in 2021. As of December 2018, the station is funded only until 2025 and may be de-orbited in 2030.
The ISS consists of pressurised habitation modules, structural trusses, photovoltaic solar arrays, thermal radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and robotic arms. Major ISS modules have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and US Space Shuttles. The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft: the Russian Soyuz and Progress, the SpaceX Dragon 2, the Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle, and, formerly, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and SpaceX Dragon 1. The Dragon spacecraft allows the return of pressurised cargo to Earth, which is used, for example, to repatriate scientific experiments for further analysis. As of November 2020, 242 astronauts, cosmonauts, and space tourists from 19 different nations have visited the space station, many of them multiple times; this includes 152 Americans, 49 Russians, 9 Japanese, 8 Canadians, and 5 Italians.
The ISS programme evolved from the Space Station Freedom, an American proposal which was conceived in 1984 to construct a permanently manned Earth-orbiting station, and the contemporaneous Soviet/Russian Mir-2 proposal with similar aims. The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz, and Mir stations and the U.S. Skylab. It is the largest artificial object in space and the largest satellite in low Earth orbit, regularly visible to the naked eye from Earth's surface. It maintains an orbit with an average altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda Service Module or visiting spacecraft. The ISS circles the Earth in roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day.
The station is divided into two sections: the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) is operated by Russia, while the United States Orbital Segment (USOS) is run by the United States as well as many other nations. Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ROS through 2024, having previously proposed using elements of the segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK. The first ISS component was launched in 1998, and the first long-term residents arrived on 2 November 2000 after being launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on 31 October 2000. The station has since been continuously occupied for 20 years and 179 days, the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit, having surpassed the previous record of 9 years and 357 days held by the Mir space station. The latest major pressurised module, Leonardo, was fitted in 2011 and an experimental inflatable space habitat was added in 2016. Development and assembly of the station continues, with several major new Russian elements scheduled for launch starting in 2021. As of December 2018, the station is funded only until 2025 and may be de-orbited in 2030.
The ISS consists of pressurised habitation modules, structural trusses, photovoltaic solar arrays, thermal radiators, docking ports, experiment bays and robotic arms. Major ISS modules have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets and US Space Shuttles. The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft: the Russian Soyuz and Progress, the SpaceX Dragon 2, the Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle, and, formerly, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and SpaceX Dragon 1. The Dragon spacecraft allows the return of pressurised cargo to Earth, which is used, for example, to repatriate scientific experiments for further analysis. As of November 2020, 242 astronauts, cosmonauts, and space tourists from 19 different nations have visited the space station, many of them multiple times; this includes 152 Americans, 49 Russians, 9 Japanese, 8 Canadians, and 5 Italians.
Saturday, December 15, 2012
NEOs - Near Earth Objects
.
Asteroids impacting Earth can be devastating—killing all the dinosaurs in existence level devastating. But even the asteroids that aren’t mass-extinction huge can be a serious threat. Every few thousand years Earth (a.k.a. you and I) get hit with a massive asteroid the size of the Great Pyramid of Giza, so what is the plan when we get hit with the next asteroid?
We get hit with an asteroid about the size of the Great Pyramid of Giza every few thousand years, and when the next one hits it could cause massive damage to an entire region. So when we spot the next one coming, what’s the plan? Enter: NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination office. The Planetary Defense Coordination office is tasked with coming up with ways to protect the planet from threats from outer space. And one of their great ideas is to smack a spacecraft head on with an oncoming asteroid to see if it can be slowed down and deflected.
Members of NASA, the European Space Agency, and others are informally collaborating with a pair of missions that together are known as the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment, or AIDA. NASA is up first with a mission called the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, or DART.
The launch window opens on July 22, 2021, and the goal is to nail an asteroid by late September or early October the following year. Pretty cool, huh? The target DART is aiming at is one of a pair of binary asteroids called Didymos B. Didymos is Greek for twin, hence the Double part of DART. While the asteroid is not on a trajectory to hit Earth, it is an ideal candidate to see just how much of an impact will affect it because Didymos B is a moonlet 160 meters across that’s orbiting the much larger asteroid Didymos A, and as luck would have it, from our perspective it passes in front and behind the larger body, causing changes in the system’s brightness that we can measure. When DART hits Didymos B at 6.6 kilometers per second, the asteroid’s speed will change by a fraction of a percent, but that’s enough to change the time it takes to orbit Didymos A by several minutes. Enough to be detected by telescopes roughly 11 million kilometers away here on Earth. And not any old spacecraft will do when it comes to smashing into Didymos B.
New Trilateral Competition - Space
.
23-7-1 SPACE WAR: India and US Go Up Against Xina - Uncensored > .23-5-21 Space Warfare & Anti Satellite Weapons - warfighting domain - Perun > .
23-1-23 Xina’s Space Conquest [USING] South America - Uncensored > .
22-3-26 Profits, Sovereignty and Security: New Space Economy | DW > .
2019 Future Fight In Space? > .
New Battlefields: Future Conflicts Where? - Forces >> .Surveillance, Intelligence
Nuclear Propulsion?
Warfare in Space ..
[1] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequent... .
[2] https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/distin... .
[3] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/... .
[4] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/... .
[5] https://www.space.com/11337-human-spa... .
[6] https://mars.nasa.gov/all-about-mars/... .
[7] Rocket Propulsion Elements
[1] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/frequent... .
[2] https://www.alumni.caltech.edu/distin... .
[3] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/... .
[4] https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/... .
[5] https://www.space.com/11337-human-spa... .
[6] https://mars.nasa.gov/all-about-mars/... .
[7] Rocket Propulsion Elements
[8] https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/ab... .
[9] https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.B3... .
[10] https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-d... .
[11] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/20... .
[12] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spa... .
[13] https://www.space.com/nuclear-thermal... .
[14a] https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issu... .
[14b]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science... .
[15] https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/SciTech... .
[16] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spa... .
[17] http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/phy.... .
[18] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10557... .
[9] https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/1.B3... .
[10] https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-d... .
[11] https://www.nasa.gov/feature/glenn/20... .
[12] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spa... .
[13] https://www.space.com/nuclear-thermal... .
[14a] https://www.lanl.gov/science/NSS/issu... .
[14b]https://www.sciencedirect.com/science... .
[15] https://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/SciTech... .
[16] https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spa... .
[17] http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/phy.... .
[18] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/10557... .
Thursday, December 13, 2012
Moon Race 2.0
SpEc - Space Economics ..
04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
Geopolitics Podcast: Outer Space & the New Cold War
00:30 Russia-China Lunar Base Partnership04:34 Cooperation in Outer Space: Private Players?
06:45 Democratization of Outer Space: other actors
09:43 Four Dimensional Geopolitics in the 21st Century
12:37 Return of the New Cold War
The space race fueled a generation to look up with optimism and a sense of wonder. Then nearly half a century later, here we are ... as memory of it slowly fades. But there's good news, we're going back to the moon, and beyond! In this episode we dive into the original space race, and how we find our selves in the middle of another one! The New Moon Race Won't be Like the First, Here's Why.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
