Showing posts with label bombing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label bombing. Show all posts

Saturday, November 2, 2024

Nuclear Proliferation/Non-Proliferation

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24-5-11 Could Ruscia win in Ukraine with nuclear weapons? - Anders > .24-4-13 Could Europe Get its Own Nuclear Deterrent? - Waro > .
X~T 
Ruscia 

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. 

The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain:
the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals.
The treaty is reviewed every five years in meetings called Review Conferences. Even though the treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration of 25 years, the signing parties decided, by consensus, to unconditionally extend the treaty indefinitely during the Review Conference in New York City on 11 May 1995, in the culmination of U.S. government efforts led by Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.


The Columbia-class (formerly known as the Ohio Replacement Submarine and SSBN-X Future Follow-on Submarine) is an upcoming class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed to replace the Ohio class of the United States Navy. Construction of the first submarine began on 1 October 2020. It is scheduled to enter service in 2031.

On 3 June 2022, the Navy announced that this first boat will be named USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826), because there currently exists an attack submarine named USS Columbia (SSN-771). In the announcement, the Navy continued to refer to the class as the Columbia class.

⇒ 2024 ..
 

Friday, February 2, 2024

24-2-2 Retaliatory Strikes Resume □

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24-3-5 Alliance Between Venezuela and Iran - IDF > .
24-3-3 Is ISIS raising its [vicious] head again? | TBN > .
24-2-20 Roots of Iran’s Anger Against America - Context Matters > .
24-2-10 Borders: Some Countries Are Nearly Impossible to Escape - Map > .
24-2-8 The Hezbollah-Iran Alliance - IDF > .
24-2-6 Why Middle East Is So Aggravating (yet so difficult to leave) || Peter Zeihan > .
24-2-4 Houthi-Funding Iran Denies Connection to Deaths of 3 US Soldiers - TBN > .
24-2-3 Deep Intel on the B-1 Strike in Iraq and Syria - Ward > .
24-2-3 Map Update: US strikes in Iraq-Syria [3 Feb 2024] - Balkan > .
> Communications Infrastructure >>Militaries 2024 ..
NoXious World Order 2024 ..
Political Shenanigans 2024 ..
Terrorism 2024 ..

Thursday, April 20, 2023

23-4-20 Russia Drops Bomb on Belgorod □

23-4-22 [Bunker Buster] Air bomb fell on Belgorod | What, Why - Katz > .
23-4-22 [Second Fab-500 Russian bomb was a dud] - Denys > .

The FAB-500 is a Soviet-designed 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) general purpose air-dropped bomb with a high-explosive warhead, primarily used by the Russian Air Force, former Soviet republics and customer countries. The original M-54 model was rolled out in 1954, shaped for internal carriage by heavy bombers, a low-drag M-62 version in 1962 was intended for fighter bomber external hardpoint carriage. The bomb is unguided, features a single nose fuze, and is compatible with most models of Soviet aircraft.

Thursday, February 25, 2021

Drone Comparisons - Military UCAVs

23-6-30 Directed Energy Weapons - Lasers vs Drones, Missiles - T&P > .
23-6-13 NATO IAMD | NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence > .
23-6-13 Drones and the Dystopian Future of War - Journeyman > .
23-6-11 Rocket Roulette: Ruscia uses drones & missiles against Ukraine - U24 > .
23-6-7 Ukrainian Defense Tech Boom - War Startups - U24 > .
23-2-12 Small Drones & Loitering Munitions - Cheap Precision - Perun > .
22-11-16 Taiwan Pushes Drone Warfare to Counter Xina - Uncensored > .
2013 Rise of the Drones (FULL doc) | NOVA | PBS > .
22-11-11 Economics of Kamikaze Drones - nwyt > . skip > .
22-10-27 Pooti's [Desperate] Iranian Drones | Peter Zeihan, Ben Hodges > .

Drone Comparisons - Military UCAVs ..

An unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), also known as a combat drone, colloquially shortened as drone or battlefield UAV, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance and carries aircraft ordnance such as missiles, ATGMs, and/or bombs in hardpoints for drone strikes. These drones are usually under real-time human control, with varying levels of autonomy. Unlike unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicles, UCAVs are used for both drone strikes and battlefield intelligence. 

An unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle, is an unarmed military UAV that is used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance. Unlike unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), this type of system not designed to carry aircraft ordnance such as missiles, ATGMs, or bombs for drone strikes. The main purpose is to provide battlefield intelligence.

Aircraft of the UCAV type have no onboard human pilot. As the operator runs the vehicle from a remote terminal, equipment necessary for a human pilot is not needed, resulting in a lower weight and a smaller size than a manned aircraft. Many countries have operational domestic UCAVs and many more have imported armed drones or have development programs underway.

TAI Anka Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
TAI Anka is the serial production variant of Anka medium-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which was developed by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) for the Turkish Armed Forces.

This drone is designed to assist both night and day can take on any weather condition that comes its way. The Tai Anka serves the Turkish armed forces. And is equipped with real-time imagining system and Intelligent surveillance due to that it can spot moving targets on ground

Dassault nEUROn Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
The nEUROn UCAV is a european-based consortium project being led by the French concern of Dassault.

The Dassault nEUROn is an Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV) technology demonstrator intended to provide participating European powers with a viable, long-term UCAV weapons-capable solution.
 
Dimensionally, the nEUROn has been given a running length of 31 feet with a wingspan of 41 feet, putting it on par with a full-sized manned aircraft design or similar UCAV product such as the Lockheed RQ-170 "Sentinel". It sits empty at 4,900 kilograms and displaces at 7,000 kilograms under a full mission load while power will be derived from a single Rolls-Royce-Turbomeca Adour / SNECMA M88 turbofan engine centrally-located in the fuselage. Maximum speed is estimated at just over 900 miles per hour with a service ceiling expected to reach 46,000 feet. The flight controls and weapons delivery
will be designed will full autonomy in mind, human interaction being held as backup should the need arise.

Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Our next drone is the S-70 Okhotnik, also known as the Hunter B. This machine flown aircraft belonged to the Russians and was developed by Sukhoi and the Russian Aircraft Corporation.
 
Russia is accelerating the development of multiple long-range attack UAVs to compete with the US and China who are ahead in the combat drone race. This six-generation aircraft is somewhat similar to the Mikoyan Skat fighting jet and features its best qualities

Bayraktar TB2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Bayraktar TB2 is a medium altitude and long-range tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system manufactured by Baykar Makina, for the Turkish Armed Forces.

This aircraft is not human-driven but is remotely controlled and has autonomous flight operations. The Bayraktar TB2 was developed by Turkey′s Baykar company to serve the Turkish Air Force and aid in reconnaissance and intelligence combat

Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
The RQ-170 Sentinel is a high altitude and long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) designed and manufactured by Skunk Works, a division of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the United States Air Force (USAF).

The RQ-170 Sentinel, created by Lockheed Martin, was designed to serve the United States Air Force working with the CIA. This drone differs from others we have seen today as it is tailless and built with specialized features

The UAV can capture real-time imagery of the battlefield and transfer the data to the ground control station (GCS) through a line of sight (LOS) communication data link.
General Atomics MQ-1 Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

The RQ-1 Predator is a long-endurance, medium-altitude unmanned aircraft system for surveillance and reconnaissance missions.

MQ-1 Predator, created by General Atomics. The maximum take-off weight is a little over 2250lbs with an air cruise of up to 217 km/ h 135 miles per hour at 25,000 feet.
Surveillance imagery from synthetic aperture radar, video cameras and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) can be distributed in real-time both to the front line soldier and to the operational commander, or worldwide in real-time via satellite communication links.
This machine is powered by a Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofan-engine. It is packed with 8,500 pounds of thrust and 36 hours of flight time. RQ-4 Global Hawk is used frequently by NASA and has a distinct look, as you would have noticed. The RQ-4 Global Hawk has a Synthetic-Aperture-Radar (SAR) with high resolution.

Larger UAVs are used for strategic reconnaissance. The most important of these is the U.S. RQ-4 Global Hawk, a jet-powered craft 44 feet (13 metres) long and with a wingspan of 116 feet (35 metres). The Global Hawk has a cruise speed of 391 mph (629 km) per hour and an endurance of some 36 hours, and it carries a variety of photographic, radar, and electronic sensors.

Wednesday, February 10, 2021

Stealth Drone Wingman

22-3-26 America's plan for new drone stealth bomber to fly with B-21 - Sandboxx > .
> DEWs - Directed Energy Weapons >
23-9-24 Combat Drones & Future Air Warfare - Humans + Wingman - Perun > .
23-7-26 Ukraine tech sector goes to war | FT Doc > .
23-6-30 Directed Energy Weapons - Lasers vs Drones, Missiles - T&P > .
23-6-13 NATO IAMD | NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence > .
23-6-13 Drones and the Dystopian Future of War - Journeyman > .
22-11-11 Economics of Kamikaze Drones - nwyt > . skip > .
22-3-29 Military Drones; Decisive Factor in Russia-Ukraine war | DW > .
2013 Rise of the Drones (FULL doc) | NOVA | PBS > .

Meanings of ‘Attritable’ and ‘Expendable’: Military leaders and thinkers have been tossing the terms “low cost” and “attritable” around to describe some of the platforms, as new warfighting concepts take hold such as swarming drones, loyal wingman and manned-unmanned teaming.

The Mosaic Warfare concept in air warfare, for example, calls for multiple robotic jet fighters to accompany a piloted jet that serves as a quarterback. The robo-jets are stripped down aircraft that might serve only one function such as sensing or shooting, or even be a decoy meant to be targeted.

As an adjective, “attrit-able” is literally “able to undergo attrition.” Attritable is not synonymous with “disposable.”

Thursday, September 10, 2020

Supermarine Spitfire

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Spitfire story - Mark IX > .
Supermarine Spitfire | Effective WW2 Fighter Aircraft - HiHi > .
Spitfire Mk I Cockpit - IWM > .
Spitfire Cockpit - Dials > .


Introduction 0:00 
The Origins Of The Spitfire 4:27 
The Spitfire Prototype And Design 7:43 
303 Browning Machine Gun, 20mm Hispano Cannon 13:18 
The Spitfire MK I And MK II 16:41 
The Spitfire MK V 19:47 
Spitfire vs Bf 109 22:46 
Spitfire vs Focke Wulf 190 27:34 
The Spitfire MK IX, MK VI, MK VII and MK VIII 32:11 
Spitfire MK XII, MK XIV, MK 21 and MK 24 38:07 .
 

History > .

Friday, November 1, 2019

40-7-10 Battle of Britain Begins

The Battle of Britain was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces. The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as The Blitz, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941. German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the Luftschlacht um England (Air Battle for England) as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941, including the Blitz.


The Kanalkampf (Channel fight) was the German term for air operations by the Luftwaffe against the British Royal Air Force (RAF) over the English Channel in July 1940. The air operations over the channel began the Battle of Britain during the Second World War. By 25 June, the Allies had been defeated in Western Europe and Scandinavia. Britain rejected peace overtures and on 16 July, Adolf Hitler issued Directive 16 to the Wehrmacht (German armed forces), ordering preparations for the invasion of Britain, under the codename Unternehmen Seelöwe (Operation Sea Lion).

The Germans needed air superiority over southern England before the invasion and the Luftwaffe was to destroy the RAF, assume command of the skies and protect the cross-channel invasion from the Royal Navy. To engage RAF Fighter Command, the Luftwaffe attacked convoys in the English Channel. ... British and German writers and historians acknowledge that air battles were fought over the Channel between the Battle of France and Battle of Britain; deliberate German attacks against British coastal targets and convoys began on 4 July. During the Kanalkampf, the Luftwaffe received modest support from shore artillery and the E-Boats of the Kriegsmarine (German navy).

Fighter Command could not protect adequately the convoys; the Germans sank several British and neutral ships and shot down a considerable number of British fighters. The Royal Navy was forced to suspend the sailing of large convoys in Channel waters and close it to ocean-going vessels until more protection could be arranged, which took several weeks. On 1 August, Hitler issued Directive 17, extending Luftwaffe operations to the British mainland and RAF-related targets and on Adlertag (Eagle Day, 13 August) the main air offensive against the RAF began. The Kanalkampf had drawn out Fighter Command as intended and convoy attacks continued for several more days. Both sides had suffered losses but the Luftwaffe failed to inflict a decisive defeat on Fighter Command and the RAF; the Luftwaffe had yet to gain air superiority for Operation Sea Lion.

Directive 17, August 1, 1940, Battle of Britain, Full text .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives .

ASV AI RDF ..
Battle of Britain & RDF ..
Blitz ..
Bomb Sight Site ..

40-5-12 Battle of Sedan 40-5-14 Bombing of Rotterdam

German Breakthrough in the West > .
WW2 - Week by Week >> .

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Radio Research Station at Ditton Park, Slough

The Radio Research Station at Ditton Park, Slough

Unique record of the Earth’s ionosphere – the electrified region of the Earth’s upper atmosphere, was painstakingly recorded from 1933 onwards at the Radio Research Station near Slough.

Scientists at the RRS were monitoring the ionosphere as it was then vital for long-distance radio communications. Shortwave radio is reflected by the ionosphere and allows the signal to be transmitted long distances over the horizon.

They had noted that the density of the ionosphere was extremely variable and had set up the monitoring station in order to look for patterns in this variability. Much of this is due to changes in solar activity.

The ionosphere is created when x-rays and extreme ultraviolet light from the sun are absorbed by our atmosphere, electrifying it. We now know, thanks to a fleet of spacecraft monitoring the sun, that not all of this variability can be explained by solar activity. Attention is increasingly turning to sources from the lower atmosphere and the ground.

But where to find ground events capable of leaving a signature at the edge of space? The answer lies in the past. World War Two witnessed an explosive arms race, which culminated, in its most extreme form, in the atomic bomb.

But most destructive energy still came from conventional weapons. Allied aircraft dropped over 2.75m tons of TNT, the equivalent of 185 Hiroshimas.

The RAF’s four-engined Lancaster bomber with its 11-ton payload could deliver more explosive energy than any other aircraft in World War II. The American Liberator could carry six tons, the Luftwaffe’s Heinkel 111 four.

Individual British bombs also grew more deadly. In 1944, two six-ton “Tallboys” capsized the German Tirpitz battleship, and the 11-ton “Grand Slam” could start landslides. Such seismic events were, of course, few and far between. Most of Bomber Command’s effort was targeted not at specific installations, but whole cities.

Here, too, the scale of ordnance was devastating. The RAF and US Air Force dropped 42,500 tons of high explosive on Berlin alone, plus 26,000 tons of incendiary bombs.

So-called “blockbuster” bombs – two, four or even six-ton barrels of boosted TNT – fused to explode a few hundred feet up, would blow off roof tiles and shatter windows within 500 metres.

Direct hits pulverised whole apartment blocks. Aircraft flying a mile above the blasts could have parts blown off and the pressure wave could even collapse the lungs of those caught within it.

Subsequent incendiaries would then penetrate structures, designed to set off a firestorm. This only fully succeeded twice – in Hamburg in August 1943 and Dresden in February 1945 – when tens of thousands perished.

The strategic bombing war documents numerous other area bombing raids, each of which involved hundreds of aircraft and up to 2,000 tons of high explosive.

The German authorities’ punctilious recording of the times and payloads of raids, coupled with RAF Bomber Command mission logs, made it possible to construct a database of possible ground events which might have produced shockwaves capable of being detected in the ionosphere.

Ionospheric records from the Radio Research Station are now archived by the UK Solar System Data Centre at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK. The record shown below is for 08:30 on September 8, 1940, the morning after the start of the London Blitz when 700 tons were dropped by the Luftwaffe.

By combining data from 152 major bombing raids, it was possible to determine that the ionosphere was weakened, albeit only slightly, by these events.

https://theconversation.com/world-war-ii-bombing-raids-in-london-and-berlin-struck-the-edge-of-space-our-new-study-reveals-103951

Sunday, July 21, 2019

House Of Commons Bombed

.House Of Commons Bombed (10 and 11 May 1941) - Pathé > .

Between 1940 and 1941, both Houses of Parliament were convened at Church House in Westminster due to a fear that the Chambers might be bombed by the German Airforce while the Houses were sitting. The Palace was damaged by air raids on fourteen different occasions during the war.

On 26 September 1940, a bomb which fell into Old Palace Yard caused severe damage to the south wall of St Stephen's Porch and the masonry of the west front. The statue of Richard the Lionheart was even lifted bodily from the pedestal, but sustained only minor damage in the form of a bent sword.

On 8 December 1940, a bomb demolished the south and east sides of the Cloisters of St Stephen's and did considerable damage to the other two sides.
Commons Chamber destroyed

The incendiary bombs which fell on the nights of 10 and 11 May 1941 caused the greatest damage to the Palace. The Commons Chamber was hit by bombs and the roof of Westminster Hall was set on fire. The fire service said that it would be impossible to save both, so it was decided to concentrate on saving the Hall.

The Commons Chamber was entirely destroyed by the fire which spread to the Members' Lobby and caused the ceiling to collapse. By the following morning, all that was left of the Chamber was a smoking shell.

A small bomb struck the Clock Tower and broke all the glass on its south face, but the clock and bells were undamaged and the chimes could be broadcast as usual.

The House of Lords was struck by a bomb which passed through the floor of the Chamber without exploding.

Temporary accommodation for the Houses

As the Commons Chamber was totally destroyed and the Lords Chamber was damaged, both Houses moved to the Church House annexe and sat there from 13 May.

From late June 1941 until October 1950, the Commons met in the Lords Chamber, while the Lords met in the Robing Room (a fact which was kept secret during the war). To reach the temporary Commons Chamber in the Lords, the Speaker's Procession had to pass through the Central Lobby. This proved such a popular feature that the practice was retained after the Commons moved back to its new Chamber in 1950.


Sunday, April 28, 2019

Air Raid Sirens


75 years after the end of WW2 in Europe, air raid sirens continue to help save lives in Britain. They are the last part of the civil defence network that used to protect civilians from the Luftwaffe - and these old machines are used today.

sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...