Showing posts with label Turkey. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Turkey. Show all posts
Sunday, May 31, 2020
Saturday, May 30, 2020
1848 European Tensions, WW1, Versailles
Versailles Treaty - Hitler’s Rise to Power - Ghost > .
1919-11-19: United States Senate votes to reject Treaty of Versailles -HiPo > .
1919-11-19: United States Senate votes to reject Treaty of Versailles -HiPo > .
However, a major obstacle to the treaty's ratification was Wilson's strained working relationship with Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the influential chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Lodge, a prominent Republican, had fundamental disagreements with Wilson on key treaty provisions.
Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations represented Wilson's unshakable belief in collective security. Lodge and his Republican counterparts, however, saw it as a threat to American sovereignty. Republicans preferred unilateral action, asserting that America should independently determine its involvement in global conflicts. Wilson was aiming for international cooperation, but many Republicans prioritized safeguarding American interests.
Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour to secure public support for the treaty, but his efforts were in vain. Lodge and Senate Republicans proposed amendments and, on November 19, 1919 the Senate voted down the Treaty of Versailles by 55 in favour to 39, falling short of the required two-thirds majority. It was the first time the Senate had rejected a peace treaty.
The rejection had profound consequences. While it signalled a definitive adoption of isolationism in American foreign policy, the absence of the United States from the League of Nations undermined the organisation's effectiveness from the outset.
1848 Middle East 2020
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24-8-29 Detailed Analysis: Why Arabs Lose Wars - Magical > .
24-2-1 Why [despite weakist antisemitism] US Supports and Funds Israel | WSJ > .
Suez Crisis 1956 (All Parts) - Epic > .
Chokepoints - Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Djibouti Bases ..
Chokepoints - Strait of Hormuz ..
Chokepoints - Suez Canal ..
Chokepoints - Turkish Straits ..
Chokepoints - Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Djibouti Bases ..
Chokepoints - Strait of Hormuz ..
Chokepoints - Suez Canal ..
Chokepoints - Turkish Straits ..
1848 Middle East 2020 ..
Friday, May 29, 2020
Politics of Europe - 1900-2020
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History of the Cold War: Every Month - Dec '45 to Dec '91 > .Berlin Wall: Escaping for Freedom and Love - Geographics > .
Ruscism ..
Imperialism w
The policy of extending the rule over other peoples and countries, often through the use of hard power and military force.
Monarchism w
The advocacy of monarchical rule or monarchy as a form of government, led by a King or Queen for example.
Nazism w
Also known as Nationalsocialism - A form of Fascism which holds the people/nation superior to the individual, also advocates anti-semitism, anti-communism and scientific racism.
Fascism w
A form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of the society and economy.
Neofascism w
A post-World War II ideology inspired by Fascsim. Usually advocates racial supremacy, populism and xenophobia.
Authoritarianism w
Rejection of political plurality and democracy in favour of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo.
Populism w
A range of political stances emphasising ¨the people¨ against ¨the elite¨, often viewed as having simplified politics with the aim of attracting more followers.
Nationalism w
Promotion of a single national identity on the basis of a shared culture and history, it holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference.
Conservatism w
Aims for societal stability and continuity in the context of culture and civilization, achieved through the promotion and preservation of traditions, hierarchies, authority and property rights.
Christian Democracy w
A combination of modern democratic ideas and traditional Christian values, often considered centre-right on cultural, social and moral issues, though centre-left economically.
Anti-Communism w
A political movement or ideology chiefly opposed to communism and/or communist oppression
Localism (politics), (Fiscal Localism) w
The policy of prioritizing the local. For example the local production and consumption of goods, local control of the government, and promotion of local history, culture and identity.
Liberalism w
Liberalism advocates liberty for the individual and equality before the law, and generally also capitalism, democracy, secularism, gender equality and internationalism.
Libertarianism w
Libertarianism seeks to maximize individual autonomy and political freedom from the state. The moral worth of the individual and liberty are its core principles.
Centrism w
The political acceptance or support of a balance between the political left and the right, social equality and social hierarchy, while opposing significant shifts to either side.
Big tent w
The policy of permitting or encouraging a broad spectrum of views as opposed to a single ideology.
Green politics w
Aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots democracy.
Agrarianism w
Agrarianism is a philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society and the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker.
Anticlericalism w
Related to Secularism, aims to minimize religious authority in the public sector.
Revolutionary Democracy w
The implementation of democracy in a previously non-democratic government through revolutionary means.
Socialism w
A broad range of views characterised by social ownership of the means of production as well as the belief that what is best for the collective is best for the individual.
Communism w
Communism aims to establish a classless and stateless society characterized by the common ownership of the means of production with free access to its products based on needs.
non-specific
A political party or candidate which is not associated with any specific ideology.
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Monday, December 30, 2019
1920-8-10 Treaty of Sèvres
23-9-23 How Erdoğan's Turkey is Rebuilding the Ottoman Empire - Real > .
Long Shadow & Impossible Peace → Global Conflicts - BePr >> .
The Treaty of Sèvres, signed on 10 August 1920, was one of a series of treaties that the Central Powers signed with the Allied Powers after their defeat in WW1. Hostilities had already ended with the Armistice of Mudros.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was not a party to the treaty because it had negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Ottoman Empire in 1918. In that treaty, at the insistence of Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha, the Ottoman Empire regained the lands the Russian Empire had captured in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), specifically Ardahan, Kars, and Batumi.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed with the German Empire before the Sèvres treaty, and it annulled German concessions in the Ottoman sphere, including economic rights and enterprises.
France, Great Britain and Italy signed a secret "Tripartite Agreement" in September 1936. The Tripartite Agreement confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions, and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a Tripartite corporation.
The United States, having refused in the Senate to assume a League of Nations mandate over Armenia, decided not to participate in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The U.S. wanted a permanent peace as quickly as possible, with financial compensation for its military expenditure. However, after the American Senate rejected the Armenian mandate, its only hope was its inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek prime minister, Eleftherios Venizelos.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed with the German Empire before the Sèvres treaty, and it annulled German concessions in the Ottoman sphere, including economic rights and enterprises.
France, Great Britain and Italy signed a secret "Tripartite Agreement" in September 1936. The Tripartite Agreement confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions, and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a Tripartite corporation.
The United States, having refused in the Senate to assume a League of Nations mandate over Armenia, decided not to participate in the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. The U.S. wanted a permanent peace as quickly as possible, with financial compensation for its military expenditure. However, after the American Senate rejected the Armenian mandate, its only hope was its inclusion in the treaty by the influential Greek prime minister, Eleftherios Venizelos.
..
The Sèvres treaty marked the beginning of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and its dismemberment. The terms it stipulated included the renunciation of all non-Turkish territory and its cession to the Allied administration. Notably, the ceding of Eastern Mediterranean lands allowed the creation of new forms of government, including the British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon.
The terms of the treaty stirred hostility and nationalist feeling amongst Turks. The signatories of the treaty were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and this ignited the Turkish War of Independence. In that war, Atatürk led the Turkish nationalists to defeat the combined armies of the signatories of the Treaty of Sèvres, including the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. In a new treaty, that of Lausanne in 1923, Turkish sovereignty was preserved through the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
The terms of the treaty stirred hostility and nationalist feeling amongst Turks. The signatories of the treaty were stripped of their citizenship by the Grand National Assembly led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, and this ignited the Turkish War of Independence. In that war, Atatürk led the Turkish nationalists to defeat the combined armies of the signatories of the Treaty of Sèvres, including the remnants of the Ottoman Empire. In a new treaty, that of Lausanne in 1923, Turkish sovereignty was preserved through the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
Saturday, December 28, 2019
47-3-12 Truman Doctrine
.47-3-12: Truman Doctrine - aid to Greece and Turkey - HiPo > .
Harry S. Truman: The Accidental President - Biog > .
Harry S. Truman: The Accidental President - Biog > .
History of the Cold War: Every Month - Dec '45 to Dec '91 > .Berlin Wall: Escaping for Freedom and Love - Geographics > .
In an attempt to limit communist expansion into Europe the British government provided economic and military assistance to both the Greek and Turkish governments. However, in February 1947 Britain informed the U.S. government that it couldn’t afford to continue this support while they faced their own economic crisis at home, and that they would stop providing aid on 31 March.
In what later developed into the ‘domino theory’, Truman’s advisors explained that if either Greece or Turkey fell to communism then it could spread to the rest of Europe and Asia. To avoid this they urged policymakers to take Britain’s place and provide support to the two governments.
On 12 March, President Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress where he laid out the threat. Among other things, he stated, ‘It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’ In a program that won broad support, America committed to providing $400 million in assistance to Greece and Turkey. This established the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. policy, and relations with the U.S.S.R., for the next forty years.
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations thought to be threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that still exists. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense.
Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time, and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949. Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."
For years, the United Kingdom had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government. The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the Greek revolt, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from an anti-fascist alliance to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
In an attempt to limit communist expansion into Europe the British government provided economic and military assistance to both the Greek and Turkish governments. However, in February 1947 Britain informed the U.S. government that it couldn’t afford to continue this support while they faced their own economic crisis at home, and that they would stop providing aid on 31 March.
In what later developed into the ‘domino theory’, Truman’s advisors explained that if either Greece or Turkey fell to communism then it could spread to the rest of Europe and Asia. To avoid this they urged policymakers to take Britain’s place and provide support to the two governments.
On 12 March, President Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress where he laid out the threat. Among other things, he stated, ‘It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’ In a program that won broad support, America committed to providing $400 million in assistance to Greece and Turkey. This established the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. policy, and relations with the U.S.S.R., for the next forty years.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense.
Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time, and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949. Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."
For years, the United Kingdom had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government. The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the Greek revolt, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from an anti-fascist alliance to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
Monday, June 30, 2014
Saturday, June 21, 2014
1909-4-24 Constantinople
Dividing the Middle East 3 - Drawing Lines - xtra > .
Dividing the Middle East 4 - Three Kings - xtra > .
Dividing the Middle East 5 - Setting the Board - xtra > .
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Turkey
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The History of Turkey in 10 minutes - Knowledgia > .24-6-12 [Raisi, water, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Ruscia, Turkey] | gtbt > .
24-6-5 [Turkey's MISmanagement: economic troubles continue] - EcEx > .
23-9-23 How Erdoğan's Turkey is Rebuilding the Ottoman Empire - Real > .
23-8-6 Turkish Strategy & R-U War - Arms, Drones, Economics - Perun > . skip > .
23-7-25 Why US Troops Fought Wagner Mercenaries in Syria - T&P > .
23-5-11 Turkey Votes. Erdoğan’s Last Dance? - gtbt > . skip > .
23-1-26 Pan-Turkism & Turkey's Ambitions in Central Asia - gtbt > .
22-9-18 Turkey's Strategic Goals in Middle East (Death of Kemalism?) - Red > .
02:22 The Republic of Turkey
04:40 Neo-Ottomanism - The Birth
07:56 Turgut Özal's Superpower Policy
12:16 Neo-Ottomanism of the XXI century
20:07 Stripped of Superpower Plans
28:04 AKP’s Neo-Ottoman legacy
30:00 Outro
22-8-11 Neo-Ottomanism: Turkey’s Dream of Power - gtbt > .
Neo-Ottamanism
00:00 Intro 02:22 The Republic of Turkey
04:40 Neo-Ottomanism - The Birth
07:56 Turgut Özal's Superpower Policy
12:16 Neo-Ottomanism of the XXI century
20:07 Stripped of Superpower Plans
28:04 AKP’s Neo-Ottoman legacy
30:00 Outro
Turkey is attempting to reassert itself back onto the world stage but stands at a crossroads as to which direction to extend its influence. Europe has blocked Turkey's entry into the EU for decades now, and Central Asia remains a little out of reach, so should Ankara turn toward the Middle East for adventurism. With this question in mind, we ask our experts what are Turkey's short and long-term goals here in the Middle East, and whether we will see Turkey once again use its geography to dominate the energy industry.
Saturday, March 24, 2007
⧫ Europe - Geoeconomics
Europe
Euro Switch ..
IMD Competitiveness Ranking ..Foreign Aid
Marine/Submarine Infrastructure
Politics
UK
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
