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24-3-3 From World War 1 to World War 2: A Restless Break - History Mapped > .
Sunday, May 31, 2020
● Mapping Pre-WW1 to 21st C
Alphabetical
Australian States, Territories - 1900+ ..
Australian States, Territories - 1900+ ..
41-6-22 Operation Barbarossa 1942+ ..
Current Conflicts 2021-4 ..
Current Conflicts 2021-4 ..
Government in Europe - 1871-2022 ..
Railroad Network Size - 21st ↠
Russia's Expansion ..
Schlieffen Plan (1905) ..
UNCLOS - Law of the Sea 1994 ..
2021-4 Current Conflicts ..
Demographics
Military BasesNatural ResourcesFood - Importing vs Exporting Nations ..
Navigation
Navigation
Surveillance, Intelligence
Terrain
Sahara ..
Transportation
Saturday, May 30, 2020
1848 European Tensions, WW1, Versailles
Versailles Treaty - Hitler’s Rise to Power - Ghost > .
1919-11-19: United States Senate votes to reject Treaty of Versailles -HiPo > .
1919-11-19: United States Senate votes to reject Treaty of Versailles -HiPo > .
However, a major obstacle to the treaty's ratification was Wilson's strained working relationship with Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, the influential chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Lodge, a prominent Republican, had fundamental disagreements with Wilson on key treaty provisions.
Article X of the Covenant of the League of Nations represented Wilson's unshakable belief in collective security. Lodge and his Republican counterparts, however, saw it as a threat to American sovereignty. Republicans preferred unilateral action, asserting that America should independently determine its involvement in global conflicts. Wilson was aiming for international cooperation, but many Republicans prioritized safeguarding American interests.
Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour to secure public support for the treaty, but his efforts were in vain. Lodge and Senate Republicans proposed amendments and, on November 19, 1919 the Senate voted down the Treaty of Versailles by 55 in favour to 39, falling short of the required two-thirds majority. It was the first time the Senate had rejected a peace treaty.
The rejection had profound consequences. While it signalled a definitive adoption of isolationism in American foreign policy, the absence of the United States from the League of Nations undermined the organisation's effectiveness from the outset.
1848 Middle East 2020
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24-2-1 Why [despite weakist antisemitism] US Supports and Funds Israel | WSJ > .
Suez Crisis 1956 (All Parts) - Epic > .
Chokepoints - Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Djibouti Bases ..
Chokepoints - Strait of Hormuz ..
Chokepoints - Suez Canal ..
Chokepoints - Turkish Straits ..
Chokepoints - Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, Djibouti Bases ..
Chokepoints - Strait of Hormuz ..
Chokepoints - Suez Canal ..
Chokepoints - Turkish Straits ..
1848 Middle East 2020 ..
Government in Europe - 1871-2022
.
>> EU >>>
History of Europe 1789+ w
Nations rising
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Serbian Revolution, Italian unification, Revolutions of 1848, Greek War of Independence, and Nation state
Emerging nationalism
1914–1945: two world wars
World War 1, Interwar period, Interwar international relations, and World War 2 | World War I, Home front during World War I, Diplomatic history of World War I, and Economic history of World War I | Paris Peace Conference, 1919 | Aftermath of World War I, Interwar period, and International relations (1919–1939), European interwar dictatorships, Fascist Italy (1922–1943), and Nazi Germany, Great Depression, Causes of World War II | World War II, Diplomatic history of World War II, Home front during World War II, and The Holocaust
Cold War era
Cold War, NATO, Marshall Plan, and European Economic Community | Cold War (1979–1985), History of the European Union, and International relations since 1989 |
History of Europe 1789+ w
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Serbian Revolution, Italian unification, Revolutions of 1848, Greek War of Independence, and Nation state
Emerging nationalism
Rise of nationalism in Europe, Unification of Germany, Unification of Italy, History of Serbia, Dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and Creation of Yugoslavia, Greek War of Independence, Bulgarian National Revival and National awakening of Bulgaria, History of Poland, Second French Empire, North German Confederation and German Empire, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russian Empire
Imperialism
Colonial Empires, History of colonialism, Habsburg Monarchy, Russian Empire, French colonial empire, British Empire, Dutch Empire, Italian colonial empire, and German colonial empire
World War 1, Interwar period, Interwar international relations, and World War 2 | World War I, Home front during World War I, Diplomatic history of World War I, and Economic history of World War I | Paris Peace Conference, 1919 | Aftermath of World War I, Interwar period, and International relations (1919–1939), European interwar dictatorships, Fascist Italy (1922–1943), and Nazi Germany, Great Depression, Causes of World War II | World War II, Diplomatic history of World War II, Home front during World War II, and The Holocaust
Cold War, NATO, Marshall Plan, and European Economic Community | Cold War (1979–1985), History of the European Union, and International relations since 1989 |
SSRs
Friday, May 29, 2020
Politics of Europe - 1900-2020
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History of the Cold War: Every Month - Dec '45 to Dec '91 > .Berlin Wall: Escaping for Freedom and Love - Geographics > .
Ruscism ..
Imperialism w
The policy of extending the rule over other peoples and countries, often through the use of hard power and military force.
Monarchism w
The advocacy of monarchical rule or monarchy as a form of government, led by a King or Queen for example.
Nazism w
Also known as Nationalsocialism - A form of Fascism which holds the people/nation superior to the individual, also advocates anti-semitism, anti-communism and scientific racism.
Fascism w
A form of far-right, authoritarian ultranationalism characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and strong regimentation of the society and economy.
Neofascism w
A post-World War II ideology inspired by Fascsim. Usually advocates racial supremacy, populism and xenophobia.
Authoritarianism w
Rejection of political plurality and democracy in favour of a strong central power to preserve the political status quo.
Populism w
A range of political stances emphasising ¨the people¨ against ¨the elite¨, often viewed as having simplified politics with the aim of attracting more followers.
Nationalism w
Promotion of a single national identity on the basis of a shared culture and history, it holds that each nation should govern itself, free from outside interference.
Conservatism w
Aims for societal stability and continuity in the context of culture and civilization, achieved through the promotion and preservation of traditions, hierarchies, authority and property rights.
Christian Democracy w
A combination of modern democratic ideas and traditional Christian values, often considered centre-right on cultural, social and moral issues, though centre-left economically.
Anti-Communism w
A political movement or ideology chiefly opposed to communism and/or communist oppression
Localism (politics), (Fiscal Localism) w
The policy of prioritizing the local. For example the local production and consumption of goods, local control of the government, and promotion of local history, culture and identity.
Liberalism w
Liberalism advocates liberty for the individual and equality before the law, and generally also capitalism, democracy, secularism, gender equality and internationalism.
Libertarianism w
Libertarianism seeks to maximize individual autonomy and political freedom from the state. The moral worth of the individual and liberty are its core principles.
Centrism w
The political acceptance or support of a balance between the political left and the right, social equality and social hierarchy, while opposing significant shifts to either side.
Big tent w
The policy of permitting or encouraging a broad spectrum of views as opposed to a single ideology.
Green politics w
Aims to foster an ecologically sustainable society rooted in environmentalism, nonviolence, social justice and grassroots democracy.
Agrarianism w
Agrarianism is a philosophy which values rural society as superior to urban society and the independent farmer as superior to the paid worker.
Anticlericalism w
Related to Secularism, aims to minimize religious authority in the public sector.
Revolutionary Democracy w
The implementation of democracy in a previously non-democratic government through revolutionary means.
Socialism w
A broad range of views characterised by social ownership of the means of production as well as the belief that what is best for the collective is best for the individual.
Communism w
Communism aims to establish a classless and stateless society characterized by the common ownership of the means of production with free access to its products based on needs.
non-specific
A political party or candidate which is not associated with any specific ideology.
Thursday, May 28, 2020
"Accountability" - Wokish Equivocation
ώ Accountability: A Translation from the Wokish | James Lindsay > .
Ẃokish Equivocation - Blake >> .
"In Critical Social Justice, “accountability” refers to being held liable and duly punished for speech, action, or belief that is problematic, which is to say that runs afoul of or contrary to the expectations and demands of the ideology. It can also refer to assessments of or within institutions, systems, or policy to determine if they are in line with the ideology. These assessments will be determined under the Theory of Critical Social Justice and will therefore seek to determine whether or not the relevant entities produce equitable outcomes or, instead, in some way create or maintain the systems of oppression that Theory assumes defines all of social reality."
Ẃokish Equivocation - Blake >> .
Wednesday, May 27, 2020
Tuesday, May 26, 2020
Friday, May 22, 2020
Geodetic Datum
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Why There are 1.5 Million Small Metal Markers Across the US - Half > .23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
A geodetic datum or geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic reference system, or geodetic reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame for precisely measuring locations on Earth or other planetary body. A geodetic datum is an abstract coordinate system with a reference surface (such as sea level) that serves to provide known locations to begin surveys and create maps. Datums are crucial to any technology or technique based on spatial location, including geodesy, navigation, surveying, geographic information systems, remote sensing, and cartography. A Horizontal datum is used to measure a location across the Earth's surface, in latitude and longitude or another coordinate system; a vertical datum is used to measure the elevation or depth relative to a standard origin, such as mean sea level (MSL). Since the rise of the global positioning system (GPS), the ellipsoid and datum WGS 84 it uses has supplanted most others in many applications. The WGS 84 is intended for global use, unlike most earlier datums.
Before GPS, there was no precise way to measure the position of a location that was far from universal reference points, such as from the Prime Meridian at the Greenwich Observatory for longitude, from the Equator for latitude, or from the nearest coast for sea level. Astronomical and chronological methods have limited precision and accuracy, especially over long distances. Even GPS requires a predefined framework on which to base its measurements, so WGS 84 essentially functions as a datum, even though it is different in some particulars from a traditional standard horizontal or vertical datum.
A standard datum specification (whether horizontal or vertical) consists of several parts: a model for Earth's shape and dimensions, such as a reference ellipsoid or a geoid; an origin at which the ellipsoid/geoid is tied to a known (often monumented) location on or inside Earth (not necessarily at 0 latitude 0 longitude); and multiple control points that have been precisely measured from the origin and monumented. Then the coordinates of other places are measured from the nearest control point through surveying. Because the ellipsoid or geoid differs between datums, along with their origins and orientation in space, the relationship between coordinates referred to one datum and coordinates referred to another datum is undefined and can only be approximated. Using local datums, the disparity on the ground between a point having the same horizontal coordinates in two different datums could reach kilometers if the point is far from the origin of one or both datums. This phenomenon is called datum shift.
Because Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, local datums can give a more accurate representation of some specific area of coverage than WGS 84 can. OSGB36, for example, is a better approximation to the geoid covering the British Isles than the global WGS 84 ellipsoid. However, as the benefits of a global system outweigh the greater accuracy, the global WGS 84 datum is becoming increasingly adopted.
Geodetic Datum ..
Before GPS, there was no precise way to measure the position of a location that was far from universal reference points, such as from the Prime Meridian at the Greenwich Observatory for longitude, from the Equator for latitude, or from the nearest coast for sea level. Astronomical and chronological methods have limited precision and accuracy, especially over long distances. Even GPS requires a predefined framework on which to base its measurements, so WGS 84 essentially functions as a datum, even though it is different in some particulars from a traditional standard horizontal or vertical datum.
A standard datum specification (whether horizontal or vertical) consists of several parts: a model for Earth's shape and dimensions, such as a reference ellipsoid or a geoid; an origin at which the ellipsoid/geoid is tied to a known (often monumented) location on or inside Earth (not necessarily at 0 latitude 0 longitude); and multiple control points that have been precisely measured from the origin and monumented. Then the coordinates of other places are measured from the nearest control point through surveying. Because the ellipsoid or geoid differs between datums, along with their origins and orientation in space, the relationship between coordinates referred to one datum and coordinates referred to another datum is undefined and can only be approximated. Using local datums, the disparity on the ground between a point having the same horizontal coordinates in two different datums could reach kilometers if the point is far from the origin of one or both datums. This phenomenon is called datum shift.
Because Earth is an imperfect ellipsoid, local datums can give a more accurate representation of some specific area of coverage than WGS 84 can. OSGB36, for example, is a better approximation to the geoid covering the British Isles than the global WGS 84 ellipsoid. However, as the benefits of a global system outweigh the greater accuracy, the global WGS 84 datum is becoming increasingly adopted.
Wednesday, May 20, 2020
Monday, May 18, 2020
Sunday, May 17, 2020
Mapping WW2 in Europe
World War I - summary of the "Great War" - GeHi > .
Interbellum, WW2, and aftermath:
From post-WW1 humiliation to defeat of nationalist belligerence in WW2 > .
World War II in Europe: Every Day > .
42 maps that explain World War II - Vox:
Changing the Map of Europe Back to 1914 - AcCe > .
Changing the Map of Europe Back to 1933 - AcCe > .
The Cold War - summary of main stages of conflict - GeHi > .
42 maps that explain World War II - Vox:
Changing the Map of Europe Back to 1914 - AcCe > .
Changing the Map of Europe Back to 1933 - AcCe > .
The Cold War - summary of main stages of conflict - GeHi > .
Saturday, May 16, 2020
39-9-1 Invasion of Poland
Poland 1939: A German Failure? > .
The Polish German War - WW2 - Sept 1, 1939 > .
Invasion of Poland from the Polish Perspective - tah > .
The Polish German War - WW2 - Sept 1, 1939 > .
Invasion of Poland from the Polish Perspective - tah > .
23-12-23 Why Poland is Divided - Present Past > .
24-3-14 German-Polish Tensions - Modern > .
Poland 1939: A German Failure? > .
The Polish German War - WW2 - Sept 1, 1939 > .
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=invasion+of+poland+1939+map ?
? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=invasion+of+poland+1939 ?
The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign (Kampania wrześniowa) or the 1939 Defensive War (Wojna obronna 1939 roku), and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug) or Fall Weiss ("Case White"), was a joint invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, the Free City of Danzig, and a small Slovak contingent that marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, while the Soviet invasion commenced on 17 September following the Molotov–Tōgō agreement that terminated the Soviet and Japanese hostilities in the east on 16 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty.
German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west the morning after the Gleiwitz incident. Slovak forces advanced alongside the Germans in northern Slovakia. As the Wehrmacht advanced, Polish forces withdrew from their forward bases of operation close to the Polish–German border to more established lines of defence to the east. After the mid-September Polish defeat in the Battle of the Bzura, the Germans gained an undisputed advantage. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast where they prepared for a long defence of the Romanian Bridgehead and awaited expected support and relief from France and the United Kingdom. While those two countries had pacts with Poland and had declared war on Germany on 3 September, in the end their aid to Poland was very limited.
The Soviet Red Army's invasion of Eastern Poland on 17 September, in accordance with a secret protocol of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, rendered the Polish plan of defence obsolete. Facing a second front, the Polish government concluded the defence of the Romanian Bridgehead was no longer feasible and ordered an emergency evacuation of all troops to neutral Romania. On 6 October, following the Polish defeat at the Battle of Kock, German and Soviet forces gained full control over Poland. The success of the invasion marked the end of the Second Polish Republic, though Poland never formally surrendered.
On 8 October, after an initial period of military administration, Germany directly annexed western Poland and the former Free City of Danzig and placed the remaining block of territory under the administration of the newly established General Government. The Soviet Union incorporated its newly acquired areas into its constituent Belarusian and Ukrainian republics, and immediately started a campaign of Sovietization. In the aftermath of the invasion, a collective of underground resistance organizations formed the Polish Underground State within the territory of the former Polish state. Many of the military exiles that managed to escape Poland subsequently joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West, an armed force loyal to the Polish government-in-exile.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland
WW2 - ExCr >> .
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYv-GC8DgMk&list=PLhyKYa0YJ_5CpF0wJeXpZAJp6A-sQ_M3A .
Defense of Poland
1 - The Battle of the Border
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I47vCycUSW4
2 - Under Siege
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=20fFU_OqB0M
Friday, May 15, 2020
40-5-10 Benelux Invasion & Battle of France 44-6-6
The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War. In the six weeks from 10 May 1940, German forces defeated Allied forces by mobile operations and conquered France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, bringing land operations on the Western Front to an end until 6 June 1944. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940 and invaded France over the Alps.
In Fall Gelb (Case Yellow), German armoured units pushed through the Ardennes and then along the Somme valley, cutting off and surrounding the Allied units that had advanced into Belgium, to meet the expected German invasion. When British, Belgian and French forces were pushed back to the sea by the mobile and well-organised German operation, the British evacuated the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and French divisions from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo.
German forces began Fall Rot (Case Red) on 5 June. The sixty remaining French divisions and two British divisions made a determined resistance but were unable to overcome the German air superiority and armoured mobility. German tanks outflanked the Maginot Line and pushed deep into France, occupying Paris unopposed on 14 June. After the flight of the French government and the collapse of the French army, German commanders met with French officials on 18 June to negotiate an end to hostilities.
On 22 June, the Second Armistice at Compiègne was signed by France and Germany. The neutral Vichy government led by Marshal Philippe Pétain superseded the Third Republic and Germany occupied the north and west coasts of France and their hinterlands. Italy took control of a small occupation zone in the south-east and the Vichy regime retained the unoccupied territory in the south, known as the zone libre. In November 1942, the Germans occupied the zone under Case Anton (Fall Anton), until the Allied liberation in 1944.
Thursday, May 14, 2020
41-6-22 Operation Barbarossa 1942+
.Operation Barbarossa Time-Lapse Map - Eastern Front 1941-1942 - WW2 > .
WW2 - Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin - Big Three of the 20th Century - Hoover > .
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) also known as the German invasion of the Soviet Union was the code name for the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and some of its Axis allies, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during WW2. The operation put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union so as to repopulate it with Germans. The German Generalplan Ost aimed to use some of the conquered people as slave labour for the Axis war effort while acquiring the oil reserves of the Caucasus as well as the agricultural resources of various Soviet territories. Their ultimate goal included the eventual extermination, enslavement, Germanization and mass deportation to Siberia of the Slavic peoples, and to create more Lebensraum (living space) for Germany.
In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about three million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the history of warfare—invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked a massive escalation of World War II, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition including the Soviet Union.
The operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in history. The area saw some of the world's largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties (for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies eventually captured some five million Soviet Red Army troops. The Nazis deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" worked to solve German food shortages and exterminate the Slavic population through starvation.[27]Mass shootings and gassing operations, carried out by the Nazis or willing collaborators,[h] murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust.
The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of the Third Reich. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these early successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow at the end of 1941, and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Germans had confidently expected a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in Poland, but the Red Army absorbed the German Wehrmacht's strongest blows and bogged it down in a war of attrition for which the Germans were unprepared. The Wehrmacht's diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and subsequent operations to retake the initiative and drive deep into Soviet territory—such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943—eventually failed, which resulted in the Wehrmacht's retreat and collapse.
In the two years leading up to the invasion, Germany and the Soviet Union signed political and economic pacts for strategic purposes. Following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, the German High Command began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the codename Operation Otto), which Adolf Hitler authorized on 18 December 1940. Over the course of the operation, about three million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the history of warfare—invaded the western Soviet Union along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked a massive escalation of World War II, both geographically and in the formation of the Allied coalition including the Soviet Union.
The operation opened up the Eastern Front, in which more forces were committed than in any other theater of war in history. The area saw some of the world's largest battles, most horrific atrocities, and highest casualties (for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent history of the 20th century. The German armies eventually captured some five million Soviet Red Army troops. The Nazis deliberately starved to death or otherwise killed 3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and a vast number of civilians, as the "Hunger Plan" worked to solve German food shortages and exterminate the Slavic population through starvation.[27]Mass shootings and gassing operations, carried out by the Nazis or willing collaborators,[h] murdered over a million Soviet Jews as part of the Holocaust.
The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of the Third Reich. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. Despite these early successes, the German offensive stalled in the Battle of Moscow at the end of 1941, and the subsequent Soviet winter counteroffensive pushed German troops back. The Germans had confidently expected a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in Poland, but the Red Army absorbed the German Wehrmacht's strongest blows and bogged it down in a war of attrition for which the Germans were unprepared. The Wehrmacht's diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and subsequent operations to retake the initiative and drive deep into Soviet territory—such as Case Blue in 1942 and Operation Citadel in 1943—eventually failed, which resulted in the Wehrmacht's retreat and collapse.
Monday, May 11, 2020
1949 PRC vs ROC 2021
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22-2-15 China’s Taiwan Invasion? | Peter Zeihan @ Fort Benning Q & A > .
21-12-28 Why China Wants to Annex Taiwan | What Could Go Wrong - gtbt > .
In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialisation called the "Taiwan Miracle". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party military dictatorship to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system. Taiwan's export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 20th-largest by PPP measures, with major contributions from steel, machinery, electronics and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country, ranking 15th in GDP per capita. It is ranked highly in terms of political and civil liberties, education, health care and human development.
The political status of Taiwan is contentious. The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations, after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead, which claims Taiwan. Meanwhile, the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China, although it has downplayed this point since the 1990s. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 14 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Since the PRC refuses diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC, many of them maintain unofficial diplomatic ties with Taiwan through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organisations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only on a non-state basis under various names. Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favouring eventual Chinese unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity contrasted with those aspiring to independence and promoting Taiwanese identity, although both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.
21-12-28 Why China Wants to Annex Taiwan | What Could Go Wrong - gtbt > .
Mainland China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC) fought over the recognition of the world as the one true China.
Taiwan’s sovereignty has been a disputed issue for centuries. Though the island sees itself as independent, China insists it is part of the People’s Republic and has not ruled out taking Taiwan by force. That could ignite an all-out war between American and China.
Taiwan (traditional Chinese: 臺灣/台灣; simplified Chinese: 台湾; pinyin: Táiwān), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. Neighbouring countries include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. Taipei is the capital as well as the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include New Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.57 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.
Austronesian-speaking ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, partial Dutch colonization encouraged large-scale Han Chinese immigration to the island. Ming-loyalist Koxinga expelled the Dutch in 1662 and established the Kingdom of Tungning until annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683. After losing the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing ceded Taiwan to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911, took control of Taiwan on behalf of the WW2 Allies following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the ROC's loss of mainland China to forces of the Chinese Communist Party and retreat to Taiwan in 1949. Its effective jurisdiction has since been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands.
Taiwan (traditional Chinese: 臺灣/台灣; simplified Chinese: 台湾; pinyin: Táiwān), officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. Neighbouring countries include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. The main island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres (13,826 sq mi), with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third, where its highly urbanised population is concentrated. Taipei is the capital as well as the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Other major cities include New Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung, Tainan and Taoyuan. With 23.57 million inhabitants, Taiwan is among the most densely populated countries.
Austronesian-speaking ancestors of Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island around 6,000 years ago. In the 17th century, partial Dutch colonization encouraged large-scale Han Chinese immigration to the island. Ming-loyalist Koxinga expelled the Dutch in 1662 and established the Kingdom of Tungning until annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683. After losing the First Sino-Japanese War, Qing ceded Taiwan to the Empire of Japan in 1895. The Republic of China, which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911, took control of Taiwan on behalf of the WW2 Allies following the surrender of Japan in 1945. The resumption of the Chinese Civil War resulted in the ROC's loss of mainland China to forces of the Chinese Communist Party and retreat to Taiwan in 1949. Its effective jurisdiction has since been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands.
The retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan, also known as the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan or (in Taiwan) "The Great Retreat" refers to the exodus of the remnants of the internationally recognized Kuomintang-ruled government of the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan (Formosa) in December 1949 toward the end of active battles in the Chinese Civil War. The Kuomintang (KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party), its officers and approximately 2 million troops took part in the retreat; in addition to many civilians and refugees, fleeing the advance of the Communist People's Liberation Army.
Troops mostly fled to Taiwan from provinces in southern China, including Sichuan Province, where the last stand of the Republic of China's main army took place. The flight to Taiwan took place over four months after Mao Zedong had proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in Peking on October 1, 1949.
After the retreat, the Republic of China leadership, led by Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek planned to make the retreat only temporary, hoping to regroup, fortify and reconquer the mainland. This plan, which never came into fruition, was known as "Project National Glory", and made the national priority of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Once it became apparent that such a plan could not be realized, Taiwan's national focus shifted to the modernization and economic development of Taiwan, even as the ROC continues to claim sovereignty over regions under PRC control despite losing international recognition.
Troops mostly fled to Taiwan from provinces in southern China, including Sichuan Province, where the last stand of the Republic of China's main army took place. The flight to Taiwan took place over four months after Mao Zedong had proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in Peking on October 1, 1949.
After the retreat, the Republic of China leadership, led by Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek planned to make the retreat only temporary, hoping to regroup, fortify and reconquer the mainland. This plan, which never came into fruition, was known as "Project National Glory", and made the national priority of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Once it became apparent that such a plan could not be realized, Taiwan's national focus shifted to the modernization and economic development of Taiwan, even as the ROC continues to claim sovereignty over regions under PRC control despite losing international recognition.
In the early 1960s, Taiwan entered a period of rapid economic growth and industrialisation called the "Taiwan Miracle". In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ROC transitioned from a one-party military dictatorship to a multi-party democracy with a semi-presidential system. Taiwan's export-oriented industrial economy is the 21st-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 20th-largest by PPP measures, with major contributions from steel, machinery, electronics and chemicals manufacturing. Taiwan is a developed country, ranking 15th in GDP per capita. It is ranked highly in terms of political and civil liberties, education, health care and human development.
The political status of Taiwan is contentious. The ROC no longer represents China as a member of the United Nations, after UN members voted in 1971 to recognize the PRC instead, which claims Taiwan. Meanwhile, the ROC continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China, although it has downplayed this point since the 1990s. Taiwan maintains official diplomatic relations with 14 out of 193 UN member states and the Holy See. Since the PRC refuses diplomatic relations with countries that recognise the ROC, many of them maintain unofficial diplomatic ties with Taiwan through representative offices and institutions that function as de facto embassies and consulates. International organisations in which the PRC participates either refuse to grant membership to Taiwan or allow it to participate only on a non-state basis under various names. Domestically, the major political contention is between parties favouring eventual Chinese unification and promoting a pan-Chinese identity contrasted with those aspiring to independence and promoting Taiwanese identity, although both sides have moderated their positions to broaden their appeal.
21-10-1 Taiwan says record 38 Chinese planes entered defence zone: The defence ministry said the aircraft, including nuclear-capable bombers, entered its air defence identification zone (ADIZ) in two waves. Taiwan responded by scrambling its jets and deploying missile systems. China sees democratic Taiwan as a breakaway province, but Taiwan sees itself as a sovereign state. Taiwan has been complaining for more than a year about repeated missions by China's air force near the island.
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igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
