Showing posts with label treaty. Show all posts
Showing posts with label treaty. Show all posts

Saturday, November 2, 2024

Nuclear Proliferation/Non-Proliferation

.
24-5-11 Could Ruscia win in Ukraine with nuclear weapons? - Anders > .24-4-13 Could Europe Get its Own Nuclear Deterrent? - Waro > .
X~T 
Ruscia 

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament. Between 1965 and 1968, the treaty was negotiated by the Eighteen Nation Committee on Disarmament, a United Nations-sponsored organization based in Geneva, Switzerland. Opened for signature in 1968, the treaty entered into force in 1970. 

The NPT is often seen to be based on a central bargain:
the NPT non-nuclear-weapon states agree never to acquire nuclear weapons and the NPT nuclear-weapon states in exchange agree to share the benefits of peaceful nuclear technology and to pursue nuclear disarmament aimed at the ultimate elimination of their nuclear arsenals.
The treaty is reviewed every five years in meetings called Review Conferences. Even though the treaty was originally conceived with a limited duration of 25 years, the signing parties decided, by consensus, to unconditionally extend the treaty indefinitely during the Review Conference in New York City on 11 May 1995, in the culmination of U.S. government efforts led by Ambassador Thomas Graham Jr.


The Columbia-class (formerly known as the Ohio Replacement Submarine and SSBN-X Future Follow-on Submarine) is an upcoming class of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines designed to replace the Ohio class of the United States Navy. Construction of the first submarine began on 1 October 2020. It is scheduled to enter service in 2031.

On 3 June 2022, the Navy announced that this first boat will be named USS District of Columbia (SSBN-826), because there currently exists an attack submarine named USS Columbia (SSN-771). In the announcement, the Navy continued to refer to the class as the Columbia class.

⇒ 2024 ..
 

at No comments:
Labels: , , , , , ,

Sunday, April 28, 2024

ANZUS, CENTO, SEATO

.


The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the 1951 collective security non-binding agreement between Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.

The treaty was one of the series that the United States formed in the 1949–1955 era as part of its collective response to the threat of communism during the Cold War. New Zealand was suspended from ANZUS in 1986 as it initiated a nuclear-free zone in its territorial waters; in late 2012 New Zealand lifted a ban on visits by United States warships leading to a thawing in tensions. New Zealand maintains a nuclear-free zone as part of its foreign policy and is partially suspended from ANZUS, as the United States maintains an ambiguous policy whether or not the warships carry nuclear weapons and operates numerous nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and submarines; however New Zealand resumed key areas of the ANZUS treaty in 2007.

The Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO), originally known as the Baghdad Pact or the Middle East Treaty Organisation (METO), was a military alliance of the Cold War. It was formed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom and dissolved in 1979.

US pressure and promises of military and economic aid were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement, but the United States could not initially participate. John Foster Dulles, who was involved in the negotiations as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower, claimed that was due to "the pro-Israel lobby and the difficulty of obtaining Congressional Approval." Others said that the reason was "for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures."

In 1958, the US joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances.

The organisation’s headquarters were in Baghdad, Iraq, in 1955 to 1958 and in Ankara, Turkey, in 1958 to 1979. Cyprus was also an important location for CENTO because of its location in the Middle East and the British Sovereign Base Areas on the island.

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954.

Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and withdrew.

The Present Viability of NATO, SEATO, and CENTO:
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) were considered necessary in the postwar period to protect member countries from Communist aggression and conspiracy. Subsequent developments have not always reflected the tidiness of inflexible and implacable confrontation, however. Thus, the viability of this postwar structure of alliances is raised ever more insistently. Do NATO, SEATO, and CENTO serve any longer the interests of the West? Or has the time now arrived for their complete reappraisal? The view gains ground in western Europe that there is now considerable diversity in the Communist world, and that a policy of positive coexistence should be pursued in the tackling of common problems with such countries as are ready to do so. In this fluid situation, a policy of movement is desirable, especially in Europe, where economic as well as political initiatives on behalf of a reconstructed NATO can provide pointers for the continued viability of CENTO and SEATO. The pending renegotiation of the NATO Pact can provide such economic initiatives. It can also provide the model of a self-supporting security system under the Soviet-American nuclear balance.
at No comments:
Labels: , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Friday, April 26, 2024

CSTO / ОДКБ - Collective Security Treaty Organization



The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO; Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности: Organizatsiya Dogovora o kollektivnoy bezopasnosti; ОДКБ: ODKB) is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia that consists of select post-Soviet states. The treaty had its origins to the Soviet Armed Forces, which was gradually replaced by the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States. On 15 May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the Commonwealth of Independent States—Russia, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan—signed the Collective Security Treaty (also referred to as the Tashkent Pact or Tashkent Treaty).

Three other post-Soviet states—Azerbaijan, Belarus, and Georgia—signed in 1993 and the treaty took effect in 1994. In 1999, six of the nine—all but Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Uzbekistan—agreed to renew the treaty for five more years. In 2002 those six agreed to create the Collective Security Treaty Organization as a military alliance.

The CSTO charter reaffirmed the desire of all participating states to abstain from the use or threat of force. Signatories would not be able to join other military alliances. The CSTO holds yearly military command exercises for the CSTO nations to have an opportunity to improve inter-organization cooperation. A CSTO military exercise called "Rubezh 2008" was hosted in Armenia, where a combined total of 4,000 troops from all seven constituent CSTO member countries conducted operative, strategic and tactical training with an emphasis towards furthering efficiency of the collective security element of the CSTO partnership.

The largest of such exercises was held in Southern Russia and central Asia in 2011, consisting of more than 10,000 troops and 70 combat aircraft. In order to deploy military bases of a third country in the territory of the CSTO member-states, it is necessary to obtain the official consent of all its members. It also employs a "rotating presidency" system in which the country leading the CSTO alternates every year.
Comment:
The Central Asian Republics are members of several regional organizations whose stated aim is promoting multilateral solutions to security and economic challenges. These groupings that include the Central Asian states are receiving increased scrutiny around the world. The Collective Security Treaty Organization, formed under the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, serves as a mutual defense alliance among Russia, Belarus, Armenia and the four Central Asian states except Turkmenistan. The Eurasian Economic Community comprises a similar grouping of states but focuses on economics, including the creation of a common market, border security standards, a customs union, standardized currency exchange and joint programs on social and economic development. Both of these organizations are strongly supported by Russia and capitalize on residual political, economic, and bureaucratic linkages among former Soviet republics.
at No comments:
Labels: , , , , ,

Monday, April 22, 2024

Global Cooperative Organizations

23-1-16 Age of Global Cooperation - Small Circles Forward > .
at No comments:
Labels: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Monday, April 15, 2024

NATO OTAN 1949

.
49-4-11 Schuman, Sforza, Bevin, Acheson sign Atlantic Pact - BrMo > . 23-2-3 Fiona Hill - NATO = Barrier to Pooti's Imperial Ambitions - SC > .22-3-11 NATO Expansion - 1949 to 2022 - mpc > .
NATO ➾ 2022 ..Russia vs Baltics (NATO) ..

Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..

The Treaty of Brussels (48-3-17), also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, at which it point it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the founding treaty of the Western European Union (WEU) until its termination in 2010. The treaty provided for the organisation of military, economic, social and cultural cooperation among member states, as well as a mutual defence clause.

The treaty was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom - the members of the Western Union - as an expansion to the Treaty of Dunkirk, signed 47-3-4 between Britain and France to guard against possible German or Soviet aggression after the end of WW2.

The need to back up the commitments of the North Atlantic Treaty 49-4-4 with appropriate political and military structures led to the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). In December 1950 the parties to the Treaty of Brussels decided to transfer the headquarters, personnel, and plans of the Western Union Defence Organisation (WUDO) to NATO, whose Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) took over responsibility for the defence of Western Europe.

The establishment of NATO, along with the signing of a succession of treaties establishing the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (April 1948), the Council of Europe (May 1949) and the European Coal and Steel Community (April 1951), left the Treaty of Brussels and its Western Union devoid of authority.

The treaty was amended at the 1954 Paris Conference as a result of the failure of the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community to gain French ratification: The General Treaty (German: Deutschlandvertrag) of 1952 formally named the EDC as a prerequisite of the end of Allied occupation of Germany, and there was a desire to include Germany in the Western defence architecture. The Modified Brussels Treaty (MBT) transformed the Western Union into the Western European Union (WEU), at which point Italy and Germany were admitted. Although the WEU established by the Modified Brussels Treaty was significantly less powerful and ambitious than the original Western Union, German membership of the WEU was considered sufficient for the occupation of the country to end in accordance with the General Treaty.

When the European Union (EU) gained its own mutual defence clause upon the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009, the members of the WEU - who were also EU member states - regarded the WEU as redundant. Consequently the Modified Treaty of Brussels was terminated on 31 March 2010, followed by the closure of WEU bodies on 30 June 2011.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels .
--
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries. The organization implements the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949. NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. NATO's Headquarters are located in Evere, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons, Belgium.

Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29. The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017. NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, North Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members. An additional 21 countries participate in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members have expressed their aim to move towards the target defence spending of 2% of GDP by 2024.

● Acts, Charters, Treaties - post WW1 ..
● Treaties ..
at No comments:
Labels: , , , , , , , , ,

Saturday, April 13, 2024

Military Alliances, 21st

22-10-31 How could war between Xina & Taiwan play out? | Four Corners > .
22-9-21 How China’s Military Drills Could Choke Off Taiwan’s Internet | WSJ > .
22-9-7 Intermarium - Poland Ukraine Baltics | George Friedman > .
22-8-21 Japan Is (Again) Becoming a Military Powerhouse - gtbt > .
22-8-15 Taiwan could repel invasion; wargamed cost high to Taiwan and US > .
22-8-15 How worried is Japan about Xina-Taiwan tensions? - ABC Aus > .
22-8-6 How Many BCTs can the US Army Form for a Large Scale War? - CoCa > .
22-8-4 Situation Zoom: Pelosi Visits Taiwan | Goodfellows - Hoover > .
22-7-26 France's Hx & Geostrategic Choices in Central Europe - gtbt > .
22-7-22 Poland could become strongest land force in the EU - Binkov > .
22-7-21 Xina losing international trust, 10 Pacific nations rebuff joint agreement - CR > .
22-5-6 Could Ukraine cause fall of Belarusian Dictator? - VisPol > . skip ad > .
22-4-6 How the world would change if Xina attacked Taiwan - Binkov > .
22-4-2 Survey Reveals US-China-Taiwan-Japan Dynamics Post Ukraine War - Lei > .
22-4-1 Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Sparking NATO Defense Spending Spree? > .
22-3-25 A2/AD: A Strategy for Defence of Australia in 21st Century - hypo > .
2022 90% Of Foreign Military Bases Are American - AJ+ > .
22-1-10 Mapping Rise of Turkey's Military Reach - CaspianReport > .
Baltic-Carpathian Alliance (Intermarium 2.0) 

Axis of Evil, BRICS 


Costs


Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..

Military Strength Ranking 2023 .

Political, economic, military alliances 2021:
Caribbean
Middle East, Eurasia
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support (Turkey, Azerbaijan) .
NATO
Union State (Russia, Belarus) .
at No comments:
Labels: , , , , , , , , , , ,
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...

  • >>>
    >>> Economic >  >>> Geopolitics > >>> Military > >>> Resources > > >> Sociopoli...
  • > > Video Topics > >
    >   > Alliances >  > >  > Authoritarianism >  >     > Axis of Envious Resentment  2025  > > > > Civil...
  • >>□□ ⧫⧫ ●γ
    >> playlists >>  » >> pages □□ »□ ⧫⧫ section indexes ⧫⧫ ⧫⧫ & ⧫ alphabetic index  ⧫⧫ & ⧫ ● Geographic Entities   ...