20th+: spy satellite

[The Xinese operation really has gone wrong in the international relations sense = the project of moderating Woof Whiner Dicklomacy is doomed to failure when this stunt and flood of LIES makes westerners increasingly distrustful and contemptuous of the XiXiPee. That's one xtoopid, incompetent, posturing, hubristic government!]

Air Defences - Leo Orbis >> .

Airships, Blimps, LTAs, Spy Balloons - Leo Orbis >> .

Intelligence, Surveillance, Cyber - Kit Telum >> .

ISR, SEAD, GEOINT - Leo Orbis >> .

Satellite Imagery & Analytical Surveillance - Leo Orbis >> .

Surveillance, Communication, Integration - Leo Orbis >> .

>> Espionage, Intelligence >>>

Winter of Discontent - anffyddiaeth >> .

From January 28 to February 4, 2023, a large, white high-altitude balloon of Chinese origin crossed North American airspace, passing over Alaska, western Canada, and the contiguous United States. The American and Canadian militaries alleged the balloon to be a surveillance device, to which the Chinese government countered [LIED?] that it was a civilian meterological research airship blown off course. The balloon passed over Montana by February 1 and Missouri by February 3 before being shot down the next day by the U.S. Air Force over territorial waters off the coast of South Carolina, on orders from U.S. President Joe Biden.

The incident added strain in relations between the United States and China, causing U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken to postpone an imminent diplomatic visit to Beijing. It also further strained Canada–China relations; due to the airspace incursion, Canada summoned the Chinese ambassador. On February 3, the U.S. Department of Defense said a second Chinese balloon was passing over Latin America.

Xina's LIES, excuses, blame shifting

In contract law, force majeure (from Law French: 'overwhelming force', lit. 'superior force') is a common clause in contracts which essentially frees both parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war, strike, riot, crime, epidemic, or sudden legal change prevents one or both parties from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. Explicitly excluded is any event described as an act of God, which covers a separate domain and legally differs, though it is related to contract law. In practice, most force majeure clauses do not entirely excuse a party's non-performance but suspend it for the duration of the force majeure.

And another: 23-2-12 US military shoots down another flying object over Lake Huron .

Unidentified flying objects - timeline

23-2-4: US military shoots down suspected surveillance balloon off the coast of South Carolina. It had drifted for days over the US, and officials said it came from China and had been monitoring sensitive sites
23-2-10: US downs another object off northern Alaska which officials said lacked any system of propulsion or control
23-2-11: An American fighter jet shoots down a "high-altitude airborne object" over Canada's Yukon territory, about 100 miles (160 km) from the US border. It was described as cylindrical and smaller than the first balloon
23-2-12: US jets shoot down a fourth high-altitude object near Lake Huron "out of an abundance of caution"

➾ 2023 ..

Industrial Coding, Chip War, Intelligence ↠

Xina ➾ 2023 ..

➾ 2022 ..

Thursday, July 15, 2021

NK Sanction Dodging

How a Mysterious Ship Helps North Korea Evade Oil Sanctions - NYT > .

24-4-22 History & Korean DMZ - Wendover > .

24-3-12 Decoding Kim Jong-un’s dangerous moves - Lei > .

24-3-2 Kim Jong-Un’s New Strategy - PolyMatter > .

24-2-10 KOREA | A Final Separation? - Prof J K-L > .

24-2-9 Is North Korea Seeking Conflict With SK [XIR vs West]? - gtbt > .

24-1-6 North Korea's Invasion Plan [against South Korea] - Would It Succeed? - mfp > .

23-11-15 XIR - True Strength of DPRK's KPA - Covert Cabal > .

23-9-30 NK Preparing to Supply Its Stockpiled Munitions to P00 - Lore > .

23-9-30 Militarily Strategic Utility of DPRK to Imperialistic Xina - Kamome > . skip > .

23-9-20 UNC DMZ NK-SK British Army commander - Forces > .

23-7-27 Could North Korea Collapse? - Warographics > .

22-9-30 Could North Korean ACTUALLY Pull Off an Invasion? - T&P > .

22-9-14 China's Missile Plan is Worse Than You Think - T&P > .

How North Korea Became What It Is - Cold War > .

History and Future of Korean Geopolitics - Mac > .

2021 North Korea’s Expanding Missile Arsenal, Unpacked | WSJ > .

> Border Issues >>

24-4-22 History & Korean DMZ - Wendover > .

24-2-10 Borders: Some Countries Are Nearly Impossible to Escape - Map > .

> KimPaganda >>

24-5-6 North Korea's [Potemkin Kimpaganda] Influencers - fern > .

> NK military >>

24-5-18 [NK+XIR] Kim might want war - DW > .

24-3-12 Decoding Kim Jong-un’s dangerous moves - Lei > .

24-3-2 Kim Jong-Un’s New Strategy - PolyMatter > .

24-2-10 KOREA | A Final Separation? - Prof J K-L > .

24-2-9 Is North Korea Seeking Conflict With SK [XIR vs West]? - gtbt > .

> NoXious World Order >> > XIR >> >> XIR Evil >>>

23-10-23 [NoXious] World According to Xina | Elizabeth Economy | Hoover > .

Dodging Sanctions - Weighs 'n Means >> .

North Korea - Graydations >> .

DPRK - Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk - enDürer >> .

North Korea - Chink in Armor >> .

What If? Indo-Pacific - Tense >> .

North Korea - Covert Cabal >> .

Thursday, December 20, 2018

ISR - Intelligence, Signals, Reconnaissance

22-12-29 Mapping NATO's ISR (Intelligence, Signals and Reconnaissance) - Such > .

24-4-5 Israel's Lavender System, AI Targeting, Battlefield Informatics - McBeth > .

24-2-20 Ruscian Satellites Have Very Little Chances To Watch Ukraine - CoCa > .

24-2-20 Ukraine: Ruscia Using Starlink: How Elon Musk’s Satellites Work | WSJ > .

24-2-10 Setting a Trap: Why US Telegraphed Attack on Iranian Proxies - Spaniel > .

24-1-30 USAF replacing AWACS planes with Boeing 737 AEW&C - Binkov > .

24-1-26 AWACS: Modern Surveillance Aircraft Need Not be Stealthy - nwyt > .

23-8-15 SatIm: NATO Intelligence & Reconnaissance Flights Nr Ukr - Such > .

23-7-28 Why America Needs a Space Force - McBeth > .

23-4-15 Tracking NATO's 2023 ISR Flights Around Ukraine - Such > .

23-8-10 ‘Detect, Control, Engage’: The Aegis Concept - UNI > .

GMD - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense > Air Defense >>

24-4-19 GMD - America's Missile Defense - T&P > .

24-4-19 Over The Horizon Super Radars: Australia (JORN), US, Xina, Ruscia - S&AC > .

ISR, SEAD, GEOINT - Leo Orbis >> .

> ISR >>

23-6-13 NATO IAMD | NATO Integrated Air and Missile Defence > .

ISR (Intelligence, Signals, Reconnaissance) is the coordinated and integrated acquisition, processing and provision of timely, accurate, relevant, coherent and assured information and intelligence to support commander's conduct of activities. Land, sea, air and space platforms have critical ISR roles in supporting operations in general. By massing ISR assets, an improved clarity and depth of knowledge can be established. ISR encompasses multiple activities related to the planning and operation of systems that collect, process, and disseminate data in support of current and future military operations.

Surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (STAR): A term used when emphasis is to be placed on the sensing component of ISTAR.

Reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition (RSTA): Main article: Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (United States): RSTA is used by the US Army in place of STAR or ISTAR. Also, a term used to identify certain US Army units: for instance, 3rd Squadron, 153rd RSTA. These units serve a similar role to the below mentioned US Marine Corps STA platoons, but on a larger scale.

Surveillance and target acquisition (STA): Main article: Surveillance and target acquisition: Used to designate one of the following:

A US Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) - specifically a STA United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper
The role of a unit (e.g. STA patrol) or equipment
A doctrine similar to ISTAR; for the US, and its allies and partners, its basis is the US National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) as realized by layered constellations of Earth satellites and Earth stations.

➾ 2022 ..

P-8A Poseidon ..

Reconnaissance, ASW, ISR ..

● surveillance ..

⧫ Surveillance, Spyware ..

Sunday, June 10, 2018

Pine Gap (JDFPG)

22-8-19 Why There's a CIA Base in the Center of Australia - Real > .

24-6-9 Pine Gap & How a CIA Base Works - fern > .

23-8-1 Australian Security: X-T conflict could erupt ‘on accident’ | Treverton > .

23-7-28 Why America Needs a Space Force - McBeth > .

23-6-19 Xina's Spy Base in Cuba = Creeping On America's Doorstep - Uncensored > .

23-6-2 AUKUS: Australia Preparing for War - T&P > .

23-5-21 5 countries sharing intelligence say Xina is No.1 threat | 60 Min Aus > .

23-5-21 Real Top Gun: US military stand-off with Xina | 60 Min Aus > .

23-5-1 Australia’s nuclear submarines enough to deter Xina? | ABC > .

22-10-30 Pine Gap [in Oz's part in X-T war] - ABC Aus > .

22-10-1 Xina Battles US [Aus] for Control of Pacific Islands - Uncensored > .

22-9-24 Xina's and Australia’s power plays in the Pacific - Caspian > .
2017 What does the US Pine Gap spy base do? > .

2019 Forbidden Places - Pine Gap, Australia - Tenz > .

22-8-26 How Xina wages an unseen war for strategic influence | FT > .

22-9-25 Inside the CIA’s top secret museum – BBC > .

22-9-27 Most Unbelievable Things the CIA Has Done - Side > .

22-3-25 A2/AD: JORN & Strategy for Defence of Australia in 21st - hypo > .

GMD - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense > Air Defense >>

24-4-19 GMD - America's Missile Defense - T&P > .

24-4-19 Over The Horizon Super Radars: Australia (JORN), US, Xina, Ruscia - S&AC > .

> Surveillance, ISR >>

circumspectōrēs - pro libertate >> .

ISR, SEAD, GEOINT - Leo Orbis >> .

Pine Gap (JDFPG) - Armor >> .

23-12-23 Why Australia Isn’t a Complete Failure | EcEx > .

SigInt ..

Pine Gap is the commonly used name for a satellite surveillance base and Australian Earth station approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-west of the town of Alice Springs, Northern Territory in the centre of Australia. It is jointly operated by Australia and the United States, and since 1988 it has been officially called the Joint Defence Facility Pine Gap (JDFPG); previously, it was known as Joint Defence Space Research Facility.

The station is partly run by the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), US National Security Agency (NSA), and US National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) and is a key contributor to the NSA's global interception effort, which included the ECHELON program. The classified NRO name of the Pine Gap base is Australian Mission Ground Station (AMGS), while the unclassified cover term for the NSA function of the facility is RAINFALL.

The facilities at the base consist of a massive computer complex with 38 radomes protecting radio dishes and has over 800 employees. NSA employee David Rosenberg indicated that the chief of the facility was a senior CIA officer at the time of his service there.

The location is strategically significant because it controls United States spy satellites as they pass over one-third of the globe, including China, the Asian parts of Russia, and the Middle East. Central Australia was chosen because it was too remote for spy ships passing in international waters to intercept the signal. The facility has become a key part of the local economy.

In late 1966, in the throes of the Cold War, a joint US–Australian treaty called for the creation of a US satellite surveillance base in Australia, to be titled the "Joint Defence Space Research Facility". The purpose of the facility was initially referred to in public as "space research". Operations started in 1970 when about 400 American families moved to Central Australia.

Since the end of the Cold War in 1991 and the rise of the War on Terror in 2001, the base has seen a refocusing away from mere nuclear treaty monitoring and missile launch detection, to become a vital warfighting base for US military forces. In 1999, with the Australian Government refusing to give details to an Australian Senate committee about the relevant treaties, intelligence expert Professor Des Ball from the Australian National University was called to give an outline of Pine Gap. According to Professor Ball, since 9 December 1966 when the Australian and United States governments signed the Pine Gap treaty, Pine Gap had grown from the original two antennas to about 18 in 1999, and 38 by 2017. The number of staff had increased from around 400 in the early 1980s to 600 in the early 1990s and then to 800 in 2017, the biggest expansion since the end of the Cold War.

Ball described the facility as the ground control and processing station for

geosynchronous satellites engaged in signals intelligence collection, outlining four categories of signals collected:
telemetry from advanced weapons development, such as ballistic missiles, used for arms control verification;
signals from anti-missile and anti-aircraft radars;
transmissions intended for communications satellites; and
microwave emissions, such as long-distance telephone calls.

Ball described the operational area as containing three sections: Satellite Station Keeping Section, Signals Processing Station and the Signals Analysis Section, from which Australians were barred until 1980. Australians are now officially barred only from the National Cryptographic Room (similarly, Americans are barred from the Australian Cryptographic Room). Each morning the Joint Reconnaissance Schedule Committee meets to determine what the satellites will monitor over the next 24 hours.

With the closing of the Nurrungar base in 1999, an area in Pine Gap was set aside for the United States Air Force's control station for Defense Support Program satellites that monitor heat emissions from missiles, giving first warning of ballistic missile launches. In 2004, the base began operating a new satellite system known as the Space-Based Infrared System, which is a vital element of US missile defense.

Since the end of the Cold War, the station has mainly been employed to intercept and record weapons and communications signals from countries in Asia, such as China and North Korea. The station was active in supporting the wars in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq and every US war since the September 11 attacks.

The Menwith Hill Station (MHS) in the UK is operated by the NSA and also serves as ground station for these satellite missions.

One of Pine Gap's primary functions is to locate radio signals in the Eastern Hemisphere, with the collected information fed into the US drone program. This was confirmed by an NSA document from 2013, which says that Pine Gap plays a key role in providing geolocation data for intelligence purposes, as well as for military operations, including air strikes.

On 11 July 2013, documents revealed through former NSA analyst Edward Snowden showed that Pine Gap, amongst three other locations in Australia and one in New Zealand, contributed to the NSA's global interception and collection of internet and telephone communications, which involves systems like XKEYSCORE. Journalist Brian Toohey states that Pine Gap intercepts electronic communications from Australian citizens including phone calls, emails and faxes as a consequence of the technology it uses.

According to documents published in August 2017, Pine Gap is used as a ground station for spy satellites on two secret missions:

Mission 7600 with 2 geosynchronous satellites to cover Eurasia and Africa
Mission 8300 with 4 geosynchronous satellites that covered the former Soviet Union, China, South Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and countries on the Atlantic Ocean

Inexpressible Base (Xina's Antarctic Spy Station) ..

Australia would be ‘naive’ to think Xina’s new Antarctic station not for surveillance, analyst says: Australia should be concerned about the prospect of Xina's using a new research station in Antarctica to assist surveillance operations in the southern hemisphere, according to national security experts.

Under the 1959 Antarctic treaty, to which Xina is [a follow the rules only when it suits them] party, activities on the continent are restricted to “peaceful purposes”. Military personnel are allowed to conduct scientific research but analysts, including Blaxland, believe that information can also assist intelligence operations.

SIGINT

18-4-30 MOS 35N Signals Intelligence Analyst - USArmy > .

24-6-9 How a CIA Base Works & Pine Gap - fern > .

24-2-10 Setting a Trap: Why US Telegraphed Attack on Iranian Proxies - Spaniel > .

23-12-23 Art of War: Military Intelligence - Warographics > .

23-6-19 Xina's Spy Base in Cuba = Creeping On America's Doorstep - Uncensored > .

23-5-5 US Dominates Signal Intelligence || Peter Zeihan > .

23-5-21 5 countries sharing intelligence say Xina is No.1 threat | 60 Min Aus > .

23-4-13 Intelligence = Information + Analysis; P00 & Pentagon Leaks | DiD > .

22-3-10 NSA's SIGINT Mission - NSA > .

21-6-6 Five Eyes [FVEY, UKUSA] Alliance & QUAD - VisPol > .

17-3-31 Five Eyes: Multinational spy network has grown since 9/11 - G&M > .

16-11-8 Why Intelligence Failures Happen - MHV > .

USA > Multi-Domain Operations >>

24-9-6 [Military Doctrine: US Army's Radical MDO Upgrade for WW3] - T&P > .

> > Alliances > >>

> Ċold Ŵar 2 >>

> FVEY - Five Eyes >>

> Intelligence Alliances >>

> Surveillance, ISR >>

Electronic Warfare - Fallax >> .

Failed Intelligence Analysis - Alter Ego >> .

ISR, SEAD, GEOINT - Leo Orbis >> .

Pine Gap (JDFPG) - Armor >> .

Security - Satya >> .

Seeing Red - Guy >> .

SIGINT is intelligence derived from electronic signals and systems used by foreign targets, such as communications systems, radars, and weapons systems that provides a vital window for our nation into foreign adversaries' capabilities, actions, and intentions.

Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management. As classified and sensitive information is usually encrypted, signals intelligence in turn involves the use of cryptanalysis to decipher the messages. Traffic analysis—the study of who is signaling whom and in what quantity—is also used to integrate information again.

The United States Department of Defense has defined the term "signals intelligence" as:

A category of intelligence comprising either individually or in combination all communications intelligence (COMINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT), however transmitted.
Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals.

The two main sub-disciplines of SIGINT are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).

●● Intelligence, Espionage ◊ ..

Future of War ..

Intel - Past & Future ..
MDI - Multi-Domain Integration ..

Military Alliances, 21st ..

Multi-Domain Operations ..

NSA - USA's National Security Agency ..

Pine Gap (JDFPG) ..

Signals Decryption and Intelligence Analysis - WW1 ..

UKUSA Agreement - FVEY ..

Tuesday, October 10, 2017

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms (2022)

22-2-4 Technology Changing Intelligence - Amy Zegart - Hoover > .

24-5-14 Calder Walton's "Spies": Century-long East-West Espionage War - SiCu > .

24-3-3 Is ISIS raising its [vicious] head again? | TBN > .

24-2-10 Setting a Trap: Why US Telegraphed Attack on Iranian Proxies - Spaniel > .

24-1-6 R-U War: First Сyberwar in History 1 - UA > .

23-10-25 [Five Eyes Summit; XiXiP Whining About Exposure] - Update > .

23-10-17 Xina's Intellectual Property Theft | Five Eyes Leaders - Hoover > .

23-10-5 Toxic Ruscian P00paganda in Ukraine: Weak West, Negotiations - Anna > .

23-9-20 [DIP Propaganda - Seeding, Harvesting, Amplification] - McBeth > .

23-9-9 Tech War: Xina's Future Shaky; AI Industry Competion - BuBa > .

23-8-29 Dictatorships: From Spin to Fear | Ruscist Regression (subs) - Katz > .

23-8-11 Yandex as Most Dangerous Company | Co-Founder (subs) - Katz > .

23-7-25 Silicon Triangle | USA, Taiwan, Xina: Semiconductors - Hoover > . full > .

23-4-16 R-U Hybrid Warfare: P00paganda, cyber, hybrid methods - Perun > .

23-4-13 Intelligence = Information + Analysis; P00 & Pentagon Leaks | DiD > .

23-4-6 Technology Disrupting the Intelligence World | Amy Zegart - fa > .
23-3-14 Ruscist Scourge: West Targeted by HYBRID War - Starsky > .

23-3-3 Generative AI, ChatGPT, CG Art: Future of Work - Patrick Boyle > . skip > .

22-9-29 Is Your Laptop's Microphone Spying On You? - Seytonic > .

22-9-21 Western scholars debate decoupling; Xi plots tech dominance - Digging > .

22-7-31 Moles damaging a nation - top 5 methods (English subtitles) - Maxim Katz > .

22-5-3 Future for American Intelligence - Amy Zegart - Stanford > .

22-4-25 Ronan Farrow: How Democracies Spy on their Citizens | A&Co > .

22-4-19 How Cyberwarfare Actually Works (Stuxnet +) - Wendover > .

22-4-14 CIA Director William Burns - Georgia Tech > .

22-3-30 Dumb about Intelligence? Amy Zegart on US Intel Gathering - Hoover > .

22-3-22 Amy Zegart: Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: US Intelligence After Ukraine > .

22-2-23 Spies, Lies, And Algorithms: Amy Zegart c Condoleezza Rice - Hoover > .

22-2-8 Spies, Lies, and Algorithms with Amy B. Zegart - SPY > .

22-2-1 Hoover Book Club: Amy B. Zegart On "Spies, Lies, and Algorithms" - Hoover > .

22-2-1 Spies, Lies and Algorithms with Amy Zegart | World Class - FSIStanford > .

Here’s How the CIA Assassinates People - JaTr > . skip ad - JaTr > .

17-5-18 How t-RUMP made it harder for the US to fight terrorism - Vox > .

22-9-25 Inside the CIA’s top secret museum – BBC > .

22-9-27 Most Unbelievable Things the CIA Has Done - Side > .

22-10-31 The KGB is not dead, it simply has a new name...(FSB) - Enforcer Matt > .

24-1-25 NKVD: Worst of the Worst - Hx Sadistic State Security Body - Front > .

> Cyberwarfare >>

> FVEY - Five Eyes >>

Societal Manipulation

24-6-28 [Dialectic Reflexivity: Inducing Self-Fulfilling Outcomes] - New Discourses > .

> Surveillance, ISR >>

> Tactical Surveillance >>

24-2-10 Setting a Trap: Why US Telegraphed Attack on Iranian Proxies - Spaniel > .

> Terrorism >> >> Terrorism >>>

24-3-3 Is ISIS raising its [vicious] head again? | TBN > .

Divisive Opportunism - Alētheiai >> .

From Secret Files of the International Spy Museum - IntlSpyMuseum >> .

ISR, SEAD, GEOINT - Leo Orbis >> .

P00paganda, Krumblin Ruscism - Alētheiai >> .

Theft vs Innovation - Talus >> .

? https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=amy+zegart ?

0:54 - The impact of U.S. intelligence leading up to Russia invasion

4:31 - Why haven't these intelligence tactics been used before?

6:26 - How did U.S. intelligence know so much about the Russian invasion?

9:17 - How to interpret U.S. intelligence reports

13:20 - How does intelligence influence policy?

16:29 - The network of Federal intelligence agencies

18:54 - Why are there so many intelligence agencies?

21:30 - How has the intelligence community responded to this decrease in trust?

23:32 - Are autocratic countries better enabled to gather intelligence?

25:38 - Stories of betrayal in intelligence communities

28:06 - What causes intelligence failures?

31:29 - How accurate can intelligence agencies actually be?

33:31 - Putin’s KGB background & how it affects his policy

35:26 - What should be the consequence of bad intelligence/policy?

38:26 - What should be the intelligence community’s focus right now?

41:22 - What is the public’s view of the intelligence community right now?

43:22 - How do we reform intelligence agencies?

46:46 - Books Amy has written

Cyber ↔ Intelligence ↔ Policy ↠

GPT - Generative Pre-Trained Transformer ↠

Hybrid Warfare, Intelligence ➾ 2022 ..

Innovation, Invention ↠

Innovation Race & Crisis ..

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms (2022) ↠

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence: Publication date: February 1, 2022

"Spying has never been more ubiquitous—or less understood. The world is drowning in spy movies, TV shows, and novels, but universities offer more courses on rock and roll than on the CIA and there are more congressional experts on powdered milk than espionage. This crisis in intelligence education is distorting public opinion, fueling conspiracy theories, and hurting intelligence policy. In Spies, Lies, and Algorithms, Amy Zegart separates fact from fiction as she offers an engaging and enlightening account of the past, present, and future of American espionage as it faces a revolution driven by digital technology.

Drawing on decades of research and hundreds of interviews with intelligence officials, Zegart provides a history of U.S. espionage, from George Washington’s Revolutionary War spies to today’s spy satellites; examines how fictional spies are influencing real officials; gives an overview of intelligence basics and life inside America’s intelligence agencies; explains the deadly cognitive biases that can mislead analysts; and explores the vexed issues of traitors, covert action, and congressional oversight. Most of all, Zegart describes how technology is empowering new enemies and opportunities, and creating powerful new players, such as private citizens who are successfully tracking nuclear threats using little more than Google Earth. And she shows why cyberspace is, in many ways, the ultimate cloak-and-dagger battleground, where nefarious actors employ deception, subterfuge, and advanced technology for theft, espionage, and information warfare."

Ukraine: Inside the spies’ attempts to stop the war: Traditionally, it is the job of a spy to keep secrets - but as the invasion of Ukraine loomed, Western intelligence officials made the unusual decision to tell the world what they knew. ...........

Surveillance, Intelligence

Industrial Coding, Chip War, Intelligence ↠

R-U War - Satellite Imagery ↠

Thursday, August 10, 2017

Starlink

2019 Why SpaceX is Making Starlink - ReEn > .

24-2-20 Ukraine: Ruscia Using Starlink: How Elon Musk’s Satellites Work | WSJ > .

24-1-11 PLA worried about military capabilities of SpaceX Starlink - Update > .

23-9-30 Internet Backbone = Hidden Infrastructure - B1M > .

23-7-28 Why America Needs a Space Force - McBeth > .

22-3-26 Profits, Sovereignty and Security: New Space Economy | DW > .

2020 SpaceX's Starlink and the Military - CoCa > .

22-2-23 New Space Race is More Insane than Ever - RealLifeLore > .

Space Force, USA ..

Starlink ..

Starlink - Space X ..

Starlink is a satellite internet constellation being constructed by SpaceX providing satellite Internet access. The constellation will consist of thousands of mass-produced small satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO), working in combination with ground transceivers. SpaceX plans to sell some of the satellites for military, scientific, or exploratory purposes. The SpaceX satellite development facility in Redmond, Washington houses the Starlink research, development, manufacturing, and orbit control. The cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in May 2018 to be about US$10 billion.

Product development began in 2015. Two prototype test-flight satellites were launched in February 2018. Additional test satellites and 60 operational satellites were deployed in May 2019. As of September 2020, SpaceX was launching up to 60 satellites at a time, aiming to deploy 1,440 of the 260 kg (570 lb) spacecraft to provide near-global service by late 2021 or 2022. SpaceX planned a private beta service in the Northern United States and Canada by August 2020 and a public beta in November 2020, service beginning at high latitudes between 44° and 52° North.

Concerns were raised about the long-term danger of space debris from placing thousands of satellites above 600 km (370 mi), and the negative impact on optical and radio astronomy on Earth. In response, SpaceX lowered the orbits to 550 km (340 mi) and below, and launched prototype satellites with anti-reflective coating and an experimental sunshade.

On 15 October 2019, the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) submitted filings to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) on SpaceX's behalf to arrange spectrum for 30,000 additional Starlink satellites to supplement the 12,000 Starlink satellites already approved by the FCC.

Monday, December 31, 2012

● Geopolitics: Space ◊

⧫ Astropolitik - Geopolitics of Space ..

⧫ Space - Infrastructure ..

Tuesday, December 25, 2012

Debris - Space

2019 Truth About Space Debris - ReEn > .

24-3-6 Increasing Possibility of War in Space - Wendover > .

23-8-3 The geopolitical space race – Tim Marshall - Ri > .

23-8-2 Implications of PLA Rocket Force's Corruption Purge - Digging > .
23-7-29 Xina's Beidou vs US GPS Dominance [X's war, spying prep] - CNBC > .
23-4-29 PRC's space ambitions - Update > .

23-4-27 Xina vs USA Ċold Ŵar 2 will be Fought in Space - Times > .

22-3-26 Profits, Sovereignty and Security: New Space Economy | DW > .

22-2-23 New Space Race is More Insane than Ever - RealLifeLore > .

How 100,000 Satellites Will Change Earth Forever by 2040 - Real > .

Space - ReEn >> .

Space - CuDr >> .

Orbiting Junk - OpS >> .

Rockets and Space Craft - CuDr >> .

Narrow escapes in space - CuDr >> .

Space Stations - CuDr >> .

Space Race Resumed - MilP >> .

Space Races - Tzu >> .

Warfare in Space ..

Orbit graphic ▫

Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, or space garbage) is defunct human-made objects in space—principally in Earth orbit—which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft—nonfunctional spacecraft and abandoned launch vehicle stages—mission-related debris, and particularly numerous in Earth orbit, fragmentation debris from the breakup of derelict rocket bodies and spacecraft. In addition to derelict human-built objects left in orbit, other examples of space debris include fragments from their disintegration, erosion and collisions, or even paint flecks, solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, and unburned particles from solid rocket motors. Space debris represents a risk to spacecraft.

Space debris is typically a negative externality—it creates an external cost on others from the initial action to launch or use a spacecraft in near-Earth orbit—a cost that is typically not taken into account nor fully accounted for in the cost by the launcher or payload owner. Several spacecraft, both manned and unmanned, have been damaged or destroyed by space debris. The measurement, mitigation, and potential removal of debris are conducted by some participants in the space industry.

As of October 2019, the US Space Surveillance Network reported nearly 20,000 artificial objects in orbit above the Earth, including 2,218 operational satellites. However, these are just the objects large enough to be tracked. As of January 2019, more than 128 million pieces of debris smaller than 1 cm (0.4 in), about 900,000 pieces of debris 1–10 cm, and around 34,000 of pieces larger than 10 cm (3.9 in) were estimated to be in orbit around the Earth. When the smallest objects of human-made space debris (paint flecks, solid rocket exhaust particles, etc.) are grouped with micrometeoroids, they are together sometimes referred to by space agencies as MMOD (Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris). Collisions with debris have become a hazard to spacecraft; the smallest objects cause damage akin to sandblasting, especially to solar panels and optics like telescopes or star trackers that cannot easily be protected by a ballistic shield.

Below 2,000 km (1,200 mi) Earth-altitude, pieces of debris are denser than meteoroids; most are dust from solid rocket motors, surface erosion debris like paint flakes, and frozen coolant from RORSAT (nuclear-powered satellites). For comparison, the International Space Station orbits in the 300–400 kilometres (190–250 mi) range, while the two most recent large debris events—the 2007 Chinese antisat weapon test and the 2009 satellite collision—occurred at 800 to 900 kilometres (500 to 560 mi) altitude. The ISS has Whipple shielding to resist damage from small MMOD; however, known debris with a collision chance over 1/10,000 are avoided by maneuvering the station.

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