20th+: interbellum

“Mobik” [мобик] is a Ukrainian portmanteaux term for a Ruscian conscript invader. It combines “mobilized” + “vatnik”. A vatnik [ватник] is a poor, uneducated person who has been zombified by stupefying Ruscist propaganda.

Wednesday, December 30, 2020

Descent into WW2

How WW2 Began | B2W | 1939 3/3 > .

History of German Flag - Hilbert > .

1930s Prelude to WW2 - BeGe >> .

1900-37+ Localized Conflicts - BePr >> .

Long Shadow & Impossible Peace → Global Conflicts - BePr >> .

Impossible Peace - Time >> .

Events that caused the world to stand on the brink of total war in just two decades after the "War to End All Wars". Events that end with three words through a phone line: "Grandmother is dead," words that launch World War II.

Sitzkreig Hesitation ..

Thursday, November 26, 2020

Communist War on [Rival] Religion

.Vladimir Lenin and the Communist War On Religion | B2W, Spring 1922 > .

22-2-4 5 Questions for Stephen Kotkin - Hoover > .

Vladimir Lenin founded the Bolshevik Party, orchestrated the October Revolution, and led the world's first communist state to victory in the Russian Civil War. He is now gravely ill and close to death, but he still has one more enemy he wants to crush.

Friday, October 23, 2020

Flikke, Colonel Julia

.42-3-13: Julia Flikke, Army Nurse Corps, 1st female Colonel in USA - HiPo > .

20th Century History (1940-1949) - HiPo >> .

Flikke (1879-1965) was born in rural Wisconsin, but moved to Chicago following the death of her husband from tuberculosis in 1911. Here she trained at the Augustana Hospital School of Nursing, returning a few years later as assistant superintendent after post-graduate study at Columbia University’s Teachers College in New York.

Flikke enrolled in the Army Nurse Corps in March 1918, and traveled to France where she served as chief nurse. After a short period in the United States after the war, she completed tours of duty in places such as the Philippines and China before spending a number of years at the Walter Reed Hospital in Washington D.C. where she was promoted to the rank of captain and appointed Assistant Superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps.

In 1937 Flikke succeeded the highly respected Julia Stimson as Superintendent, and was promoted to the rank of major. This was the highest rank available to women at the time, although it was much lower than the men who headed up other parts of the Army.

As the advent of the Second World War saw the United States Army expand at a swift pace, Flikke oversaw the growth for the ANC from around 700 nurses in 1940 to tens of thousands by 1943. It was during this period that the government passed Public Law 828, which authorized commissions up to the rank of colonel for Army nurses.

Three months later, on 13 March 1942, Flikke became the first woman in the United States Army to hold the rank of colonel. Although her rating was only temporary, it marked in important step towards the Army-Navy Nurse Act of 1947 that made such appointments permanent.

Julia Otteson Flikke (March 16, 1879 in Viroqua, Wisconsin – February 23, 1965) was an American nurse. Her service to the United States Army Nurse Corps spanned both world wars and included overseas assignments in the Philippines and China. In 1927, she was appointed Assistant Superintendent of the ANC and was promoted to the relative rank of captain. In 1937, she succeeded Julia Stimson as Superintendent with the relative rank of major. She was the last superintendent to hold the office before the statutory limitation of four years was placed on the tenure. She was also the first woman to hold the rank of full colonel in the Army. Although the rating was temporary then (1942), it marked a step forward to granting of full military rank and privileges in 1947. She retired [age 65] due to disability in June 1943.

Julia O. Flikke was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin, on March 16, 1879. She would receive her early education there. Flikke married in 1901, but her husband died ten years later. The following year, she entered the School of Nursing of the Augustana Hospital in Chicago. She graduated in 1915, and, after several months of postgraduate education, Flikke accepted a post as assistant principal of her old school. She would stay there until entering the United States Army Nurse Corps on March 11, 1918, and (after being promoted to chief nurse) serving in Lakewood Township, New Jersey as well as Staten Island. Flick moved to Base Camp No. 11, in France in 1918, serving in several hospitals before returning to the United States in 1919. She first worked at Camp Upton, and subsequently travelled around the country, before setting in Walter Reed General Hospital, where she would work for twelve years.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_O._Flikke .

Thursday, October 22, 2020

Geishas

Geishas: WW2 Prostitutes or Entertainers? > .

24-6-4 Why Japan's Economy Is So Fiercely Inefficient | WSJ > .

On the Homefront - WW2 >> .

Home Front - Women & Children - ViDo >> .

Home Front - ElQu >> .

Home Front - BeSi >> .

Home Front - warring nations - ElQu >> .

Pied Piper - ViDo >> .

Women, Children - WW2 - RaWa >> .

Women - WW1 - BeGe >> .

Women - WW1, interbellum - RaWa >> .

Women - WW2 - BeGe >> .

Medical, Surgical Services - ViDo >> .

Fabric, Fashion, Rationing ~30s, 40s - ElQu >> .

Women's Suffrage and Equality - HiHu >> .

Women in Parliament - UK P >> .

Women's Land Army - ViDo >> .

London Life - ViDo >> .

Housing in 30s, 40s - ViDo >> .

The 1940s House - ElQu >> .

Food Rationing - ViDo >> .

Nutrition Front - ViDo >> .

Rationing & Black Market - ViDo >> .

Wartime Farm - AbHi >> .

Wartime Farm, Kitchen & Garden - arch >> .

Wartime, Subsistence Cooking - ElQu >> .

Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm - ElQu >> .

Wartime Kitchen, Home - Pickle >> .

Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm, Cooking - BeSi >> .

Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm, Rations - ToBl >> .

Blitzed - ViDo >> .

Japan's Economy

24-5-13 Japan's Lost Decade - An Economic Disaster [Doc] - Cold Fusion > .

Tuesday, October 13, 2020

Progress, Reversal - Women in WW1

.Did the First World War transform women's lives? - IWM > .

Tuesday, October 6, 2020

Women & Children

Story behind iconic WW2 poster - Vox > .

Wives – What Soldiers Left Behind - WW2 - On the Homefront > .

Home Front - Women & Children - ViDo >> .
On the Homefront - WW2 >> .
Women - WW1 - BeGe >> .
Women's Suffrage and Equality - HiHu >> .
Women in Parliament - UK P >> .
Housing in 30s, 40s - ViDo >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm, Cooking - BeSi >> .
Blitzed - ViDo >> .

Home Front - ElQu >> .
Home Front - BeSi >> .
Pied Piper - ViDo >> .
Women, Children - WW2 - RaWa >> .
Women - WW1, interbellum - RaWa >> .
Women - WW2 - BeGe >> .
Medical, Surgical Services - ViDo >> .
Fabric, Fashion, Rationing ~30s, 40s - ElQu >> .
Women's Land Army - ViDo >> .
London Life - ViDo >> .
The 1940s House - ElQu >> .
Food Rationing - ViDo >> .
Nutrition Front - ViDo >> .
Rationing & Black Market - ViDo >> .
Wartime Farm - AbHi >> .
Wartime Farm, Kitchen & Garden - arch >> .
Wartime, Subsistence Cooking - ElQu >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm - ElQu >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Home - Pickle >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm, Rations - ToBl >> .

Female Spoils of War ..

Spousal Separation, WW2 ..

Women in Combat - UK

.Women's Roles In UK Military - Forces > .

Flight Lieutenant Julie Ann Gibson was the first full-time female pilot for the Royal Air Force when she graduated in 1991. Previously a ground-based officer, she learnt to fly while attending City, University of London. She was subsequently assigned to No. 32 Squadron RAF flying Hawker Siddeley Andovers, and following her promotion to Captain, Lockheed C-130 Hercules at RAF Lyneham.

She attended the City, University of London, where she graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. While at University, she had learnt to fly and had joined the associated University Air Squadron.

Gibson joined the Royal Air Force College in 1984, and following her officer training, she was posted to RAF Honington in Suffolk. She was initially in charge of 75 engineers. In the following assignment, she commanded 160 men in the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II tactical weapons unit. Alongside fellow female pilot Sally Cox, Gibson took her first solo flights in 1990 at RAF Linton-on-Ouse. She successfully applied for pilot training, going on to train in the Advanced Flying Training Wing. She graduated as the first female pilot in the RAF on 14 June 1991 at No. 6 Flying Training School RAF, within RAF Finningley. She was assigned to No. 32 Squadron RAF, where she flew Hawker Siddeley Andovers out of RAF Northolt. She was subsequently promoted to Flight Lieutenant, and assigned to fly Lockheed C-130 Hercules at RAF Lyneham.

Joanna Mary Salter (born 27 August 1968, in Bournemouth) was Britain's first female fast jet pilot flying the Panavia Tornado ground attack aircraft with 617 Squadron, she later became an inspirational speaker.

Salter joined the Royal Air Force at the age of 18 with the intention of becoming an engineering officer but she went on to train as a pilot after the British government announced that women would be allowed to fly jet aircraft in 1992. As part of her engineering training she had studied at the Royal Military College of Science. Salter was awarded her wings on 3 April 1992 and at the end of 1992 she finished her fast jet training at RAF Brawdy with Dawn Hadlow (nee Bradley), who became Britain's first RAF female flight instructor.

In August 1994 Salter joined 617 Squadron at RAF Lossiemouth in August 1994 as a flight lieutenant, and was declared "combat ready" by the RAF on 21 February 1995. Salter was the first woman to be an operational Tornado pilot and she later flew from both Turkey and Saudi Arabia in protection of the no-fly zone over Iraq. Whilst flying ground attack Tornados, Salter started an MBA course with the Open University in 1996, being sponsored by the MoD, she completed the course in 1999.

Tuesday, July 28, 2020

Air Ministry - Adastral House

After the formation of the Air Ministry in 1918, its headquarters was on Kingsway; one of two identical buildings opposite Bush House became Adastral House, the name being derived from the RAF motto. This remained the home of the Air Ministry through WW2, and the roof of the building in 1940 during The Blitz is where, while fire-watching, Arthur Harris, made the remark about the bombing to a companion, "Well, they are sowing the wind...".

Air Ministry and British aerospace industry ..
War Ministries WW2 ..

Secretaries of State for Air, 1919–1946
Winston Churchill - 10 January 1919 to 1 April 1921

Frederick Edward Guest - 1 April 1921 to 19 October 1922

Sir Samuel Hoare 31 October 1922 22 to January 1924
Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson 22 January 1924 to 3 November 1924

Sir Samuel Hoare 6 November 1924 to 4 June 1929
Christopher Thomson, 1st Baron Thomson 1929 5 October to 1930† (R101 disaster)
William Mackenzie, 1st Baron Amulree 14 October 1930 to 5 November 1931

Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry 5 November 1931 to 7 June 1935
Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Viscount Swinton 7 June 1935 to 16 May 1938
Sir Kingsley Wood 6 May 1938 to 3 April 1940
Sir Samuel Hoare, 3 April 1940 to 11 May 1940
Sir Archibald Sinclair 11 May 1940 to 23 May 1945

Harold Macmillan 25 May 1945 to 26 July 1945
William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate 3 August 1945 to 4 October
1946

Television House - Wikipedia

Monday, July 27, 2020

British re-armament - 1934 to 1939

1934-1939 How Britain Prepared For WW2: Price Of Empire | War Stories > .

1924-39 British Empire - Rearmament | Hx WW2 Podcast > .

1938 Britain Manufactures Armaments (1938) - British Pathé > .

1938 German Rearmament - Factory (1938) - British Pathé > .

1931-1951 Britain's Preparation for War - RogersHx > .

>> Defense >>>

>> Industry >>>

>> Military Costs >>>

>> Wargaming >>>

>> WW2 >>>

Armaments - War Factories - Vīta Domī >> .

Armaments Industries - Buck >> .

Industrialization - War & Peace - Weighs 'n Means >> .

History of the Second World War - Hx WW2 Podcast >> .

Manufacturing UK '30+ - tb >> .

MICs - Military Investment - Mil Pow >> .

Military Investment - Weighs 'n Means >> .

War Factories - atlatli >> .

War Factories - War Stories >>>

Wartime Production - Mech Pow >> .

WW1-WW2 Technology - Ræd Wald >> .

WW2 Factories US - tb >> .

WW2 - Numbers, Factories, Weird - anffyddiaeth >> .

WW2 War Factories - Weighs 'n Means >> .

In British history re-armament covers the period between 1934 and 1939, when a substantial programme of re-arming the nation was undertaken.

After WW1, dubbed "the war to end all wars", Britain (along with many other nations) had wound down its military capability. The Ten Year Rule said that a "great war" was not expected in the next ten years; this policy was abandoned in 1932.

Germany was not considered a threat during the 1920s, but the situation changed radically when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 and withdrew Germany from the League of Nations and the Geneva Disarmament conference.

In October 1933, when the failure of the Disarmament Conference was evident, a Defence Requirements Sub-Committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence was appointed to examine the worst deficiencies of the armed forces. The group first considered the Far East, but soon looked at dangers nearer home.

Even in the mid-1930s the Royal Air Force's front-line fighters were biplanes, little different from those employed in World War I. The Re-Armament Programme enabled the RAF to acquire modern monoplanes, like the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire, such that sufficient numbers were available to defend the UK in the Battle of Britain in 1940, during the early stages of World War II.

Re-armament also led to the Royal Navy acquiring five new battleships of the King George V class, and modernising existing battleships to varying extents. Whereas ships such as HMS Renown and HMS Warspite were completely modernised, others such as HMS Hood, the Nelson class, the Royal Sovereign class, HMS Barham, and HMS Repulse were largely unmodernised - lacking improvements to horizontal armour, large command towers and new machinery.

Equally importantly, aircraft carriers of the Illustrious class and a series of large cruiser classes were ordered and expedited.

The British Army was supplied with modern tanks and weapons e.g. howitzers, and the Royal Ordnance Factories were equipped to produce munitions on a large scale.

Government-backed "Shadow Factories", generally privately owned but subsidised by the government, were established to increase the capacity of private industry; some were also built by the government. Similarly Agency Factories supplemented the Royal Ordnance Factories.

? Shadow Factories WW2 ?

British Re-Armament w
German Re-Armament w

BEF & Ten Year Rule ..
Ten Year Rule w

War Ministries WW2 ..

British re-armament - Wikipedia

Saturday, May 30, 2020

Government in Europe - 1871-2022

Forms of Government in Europe 1871-2022 - Costas Melas > .

Changes in government in Europe .

European Government Types .

List of European Union member states by political system w

> EU >>

>> EU >>>
History of Europe 1789+ w

> History of Poland >>

Nations rising
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919), Serbian Revolution, Italian unification, Revolutions of 1848, Greek War of Independence, and Nation state

Emerging nationalism

Rise of nationalism in Europe, Unification of Germany, Unification of Italy, History of Serbia, Dissolution of Austria-Hungary, and Creation of Yugoslavia, Greek War of Independence, Bulgarian National Revival and National awakening of Bulgaria, History of Poland, Second French Empire, North German Confederation and German Empire, Austrian Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Russian Empire

Imperialism

Colonial Empires, History of colonialism, Habsburg Monarchy, Russian Empire, French colonial empire, British Empire, Dutch Empire, Italian colonial empire, and German colonial empire

1914–1945: two world wars
World War 1, Interwar period, Interwar international relations, and World War 2 | World War I, Home front during World War I, Diplomatic history of World War I, and Economic history of World War I | Paris Peace Conference, 1919 | Aftermath of World War I, Interwar period, and International relations (1919–1939), European interwar dictatorships, Fascist Italy (1922–1943), and Nazi Germany, Great Depression, Causes of World War II | World War II, Diplomatic history of World War II, Home front during World War II, and The Holocaust

Cold War era
Cold War, NATO, Marshall Plan, and European Economic Community | Cold War (1979–1985), History of the European Union, and International relations since 1989 |

SSRs

23-7-31 Iron Curtain to Iron Fist: Viktor Orbán Redefining Hungary - Pers > .

Italo-Ethiopian Wars - 1894-6 & 1935-7

Italo-Ethiopian Wars - 1894-96 & 1935-37 > .

Italo-Ethiopian Wars - 1935-37 > .
Modern Warfare: Wars 1850 - Present - EmTi >> .

Wednesday, May 20, 2020

Saturday, May 9, 2020

Territorial Changes - 1918-1923

.Territorial Changes After WW1 - GeKn > .

The most significant territorial changes that took place in the years between 1918 and 1923.

Friday, April 24, 2020

Eiserne Front und Drei Pfeile

23-8-21 A Democracy Without Democrats: Weimar Republic Explained - Used > .

The Iron Front (Eiserne Front) was a German paramilitary organization in the Weimar Republic which consisted of social democrats, trade unionists, and liberals. Its main goal was to defend liberal democracy against totalitarian ideologies on the far right and far left. The Iron Front chiefly opposed the Sturmabteilung (SA) wing of the Nazi Party and the Antifaschistische Aktion wing of the Communist Party of Germany. Formally independent, it was intimately associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD).

The Three Arrows, originally designed for the Iron Front, became a well-known social democratic symbol representing resistance against monarchism, Nazism, and communism during the parliamentary elections in November 1932. The Three Arrows were later adopted by the SPD itself.

The Three Arrows (Drei Pfeile) is a social democrat political symbol associated with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), used in the late history of the Weimar Republic. First conceived for the SPD-dominated Iron Front as a symbol of the social democratic resistance against Nazism in 1932, it became an official symbol of the Party during the November 1932 German federal election, representing opposition towards Nazism, communism and reactionary conservatism. Since its inception, the symbol has been used by a variety of left-wing organisations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Arrows .

Anti-Nazism in Germany ..

Edelweiß Pirates ..

Eiserne Front und Drei Pfeile ..

Hitlerjugend ..
Swingjugend & Counter-Culture Cool ..

Pages

Tuesday, September 27, 2022

Despicable Antics