Showing posts with label water crisis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label water crisis. Show all posts

Sunday, March 28, 2021

Arabian Peninsula

23-8-11 Saudi Arabia's Challenging Geography - Real > .
24-1-26 Saudi Arabia's Catastrophic "Iran" Problem - Hindsight > .
Qatar 

The Arabian Peninsula ("Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. At 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi), the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world.

Geographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes BahrainKuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen, as well as southern Iraq and Jordan. The largest of these is Saudi Arabia. In the classical era the Sinai Peninsula was also considered a part of Arabia.

The Arabian Peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast, the Levant and Mesopotamia to the north and the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world and globally due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas.

Before the modern era, the region was divided into primarily four distinct regions: the Central Plateau (Najd and Al-Yamama), South Arabia (Yemen, Hadhramaut and Oman), Al-Bahrain (Eastern Arabia or Al-Hassa), and the Hejaz (Tihamah for the western coast), as described by Ibn al-Faqih.

Arabian-Nubian Shield - Mineral Resources ..

Saturday, June 6, 2020

Water Plight

23-10-1 What If The American Southwest Runs Out Of Water? - Versed > .
23-8-21 India’s HUGE water problem will cause a HUGE migration problem - GG > .23-8-1 Water shortage in Germany - climate, groundwater depletion | DW Doc > .22-11-17 Why Pakistan Pumps Too Much Groundwater - Asianometry > .
H2O Crises - Weighs >> .

Monday, June 15, 2015

Nile

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Sudan 
24-7-26 [Sudan Collapsing: Al-Bashir Overthrown  Warring Warlords] - Cogito > .

The Nile river is subject to political interactions. It is the world's longest river flowing 6,700 kilometers through ten countries in northeastern AfricaRwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt with varying climates.

Considering the basin area of the Nile, Sudan has the largest size (1.9 million km²) whereas, of the four major tributaries to the Nile, three originate from Ethiopia – the Blue Nile, Sobat and Atbara. The modern history of hydropolitics in the Nile basin is very complex and has had wide ramifications both for regional and global developments.

Agreements that favour Egypt’s rights to Nile waters are an anachronism.

Egypt has historically adopted an aggressive approach to the flow of the River Nile. Cairo considers the Nile a national security matter and statements continue to include threats of military action against Ethiopia should it interfere with the flow as set out in agreements signed in 1929 and another in 1959.

The first agreement was made between Great Britain, as the colonial power in eastern African, and Egypt. Cairo was favoured over other riparian countries as an important agricultural asset. In addition, the Egyptian-run Suez Canal was vital for British imperial ambitions.

The British riparian colonies – Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika (now Tanzania) – as well as Ethiopia had no say.

Under the terms, Egypt would receive 48 billion cubic metres water annually and Sudan 4 billion cubic metres. Egypt would not need the consent of upstream states to undertake water projects in its own territories but could veto projects on any tributaries of the Nile in the upstream countries, including the 43,130 square kilometre Lake Victoria. The world’s second largest fresh water lake is fed by direct precipitation and by thousands of streams from Tanzania, Burundi, Uganda and Kenya, all located in the central east of Africa.

To this day Egypt argues that the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and its modified version, the 1959 Agreement, are still valid. The 1959 agreement, signed by Egypt and an independent Sudan, increased Egypt’s share to 55.5 billion cubic metres and Sudan’s to 18.5 billion.

These bilateral agreements totally ignored the needs of other riparian countries including Ethiopia which supplies 70% to 80% of the Nile waters. Consequently, none of the other Nile basin countries has ever approved the agreements.

On the other hand, the Cooperative Framework Agreement signed by four Nile basin countries in 2010 was strongly rejected by both Egypt and Sudan.

Ethiopia’s Grand Renaissance Dam constitutes a recent but probably the biggest challenge to Egypt’s militaristic approach to the Nile flow. The dam is a huge project on the headwaters of the Blue Nile in Ethiopia in Benishangul-Gumuz region, 500 km North West of the capital Addis Ababa and about 32 km east of the border of Sudan.

The dam is considered to be the largest hydropower project in Africa and 8th-largest in the world. It’s designed to generate 6,000 megawatts of electricity. The reservoir can hold more than 70 billion cu metres of water which is nearly equal to the flow of the Nile in one year.

The Ethiopian government intends to fill the dam’s immense reservoir in five years. This will have considerable impact on the downstream countries. Even after the reservoir is filled there will not be too much hope for the normalisation of the flow of the Nile because Ethiopia will hold the key to the dam. Normalisation is also not expected because of evaporation in the reservoir.

Another challenge to the Nile is the fact that the river is shrinking due to less and more intermittent precipitation in Ethiopia and in other upstream countries. In addition, Lake Victoria, the source of 20%-30% of the Nile waters, is shrinking at an alarming rate.

What these developments mean is that Egypt’s insistence that the old agreements should remain untouched is no longer practical.



The limits of the new “Nile Agreement”

On Monday, March 23, 2015, leaders of Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan met in the Sudanese capital Khartoum to sign an agreement that is expected to resolve various issues arising out of the decision by Ethiopia to construct a dam on the Blue Nile. The Khartoum declaration, which was signed by the heads of state of the three countries—Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (Egypt), Omar al-Bashir (Sudan), and Halemariam Desalegn (Ethiopia), has been referred to as a “Nile Agreement,” and one that helps resolve conflicts over the sharing of the waters of the Nile River. However, this view is misleading because the agreement, as far we know, only deals with the Blue Nile’s Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project (GERDP) and does not tackle the broader, still contentious issues of sharing of the Nile River waters among all riparian states. Thus, the new agreement does leave the conflict over the equitable, fair, and reasonable allocation and utilization of the waters of the Nile River unresolved.

Wednesday, August 27, 2014

Blue Economy

Oceans & Conservation - TeMa >> .


Thursday, December 26, 2013

California's Water Problem

.California's Water Problem - neo > .

China's Water Problems

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Crimean Water Crisis

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Tuesday, December 17, 2013

Lebanon's Water Crisis

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Lebanon's water crisis - BBC N > .
Water - Dynamics, Politics - CoRo >> .

Why can’t you drink the water in the wettest country in the Middle East? Lebanon’s geography means it’s blessed with water but in the capital Beirut and its surroundings areas, more than 1.5 million people suffer from serious water shortages. The government says it's doing all it can to improve water supplies but many people think it's not enough.

Tuesday, December 10, 2013

Saudi Arabia - Water Problem

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22-3-17 Why The Middle East Won't Survive Without Oil - OBF > .

Saudi Arabia - Water Problem ..

Speculators

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21-3-23 How Can Rain Create Conflict? Precipitation and Water Use > .
24-5-9 Groundwater Crisis Threatening USA's Food Superpower Status | WSJ > .
23-5-12 Pakistan is dying ⇒ global problem - Caspian > .
22-11-17 Why Pakistan Pumps Too Much Groundwater - Asianometry > .
22-6-24 Why California is Running Out of Water - Real > .


Water is fundamental to life, yet it’s also a scarce commodity. In many cases, greed and mismanagement are causing this life-giving essential to run dry. What happens when water is monetized?

From Australia to California, from New York to London and Brussels, this investigative documentary tells the story of the global struggle over water. Following rushes to secure gold and oil, the age of the water rush is now here. As well as growing populations and expanding agriculture, there are the problems of environmental degradation and climate change. Global demand for water is skyrocketing. By 2050, at least one in four people will live in a country with a chronic water shortage. The situation has awakened the greed of giant financial institutions, which are going on the offensive, investing billions in the sector. Goldman Sachs, HSBC, UBS, Allianz, Deutsche Bank and BNP are among those pouncing on the commodity known as "blue gold." But can fresh water really be considered a commodity on par with oil, coal or wheat? Should the players in these markets - banks and investment funds - be allowed to bet on the value of water? Will concern for profits undermine water’s essential function? Or should this precious resource be declared off-limits to financial speculators?

A battle has broken out between those who advocate the monetization of water, and those who defend it as a human right. It’s a battle being fought on many fronts: ideological, political, environmental and, of course, economic. And the fate of the nearly ten billion inhabitants of our planet hinges on its outcome.

Friday, December 6, 2013

Water Geopolitics

23-9-14 Iran and Afghanistan headed to war over water? - Caspian > .
> Afghanistan >>  >> Afghanistan >>>
24-6-21 [Aghanistan Conflicts: Tribalism, Water Conflict, Georivalry] - Real > .
23-11-5 [XIR] Corrupt, Sanctioned Iran's Military, Proxies, Power Projection - Perun > .
23-10-19 Desertification and environmental degradation in Spain - Caspian > .
23-10-5 Iran's Alarming Water Crisis - Asianometry > .
H2O Wars - Looming Water Crisis - Heat Stroke >> .
Life's Essentials - Water - ViGr >> .

There are perennial discussions about water's being the only resource that truly matters, and many questions are raised about water wars of the future. There's something to this, after all. We need drinking water to live, we need water to irrigate our crops and much of the world needs several dozen gallons of water a day to live a modern industrial life. Ergo, water is one of the most geopolitical significant commodities in the world. Yes and no. Most of the world's major cultures developed along, and subsequently retained control over, major internal waterways. Most major national boundaries for successful countries today fully encompass rivers and lakes sufficient to provide for fresh water. Which is not to say that water access or disputes do not exist in specific localities. But these tend to be more localized security and political, rather than globally significant geopolitical concerns.

Wednesday, December 4, 2013

Yarlung Tsangpo - China's Proposed Mega-Dam

Three Gorges on Yangtze 
24-8-5 What Would Happen if the Three Gorges Dam Failed? - Mega > .

As China seeks to meet its targets of becoming carbon neutral by 2060, it is turning its sights to some of the wildest reaches of the Tibetan Plateau where it plans to build a hydropower plant so ambitious that it could produce three times as much power as Three Gorges.

Experts believe it could be the riskiest mega structure ever built. Not only is the location prone to massive landslides and some of the most powerful earthquakes ever recorded, it’s also precariously close to the disputed border between India and China. Meaning any major project could further escalate discontent in a tense territorial dispute between the world’s two most populous countries.

Read more: https://ab.co/34e8iMh .

sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...