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25-2-14 AI chip war could destroy the global economy | Chris Miller | Big > .
Showing posts with label AI. Show all posts
Showing posts with label AI. Show all posts
Sunday, February 9, 2025
Tuesday, April 26, 2022
➾ Chip & Tech Competition
22-3-10 Why Russia Can't Survive Tech Sanctions - TechAltar > .
24-2-17 Taiwan Question & World Order | X Economy - Update > .
24-2-12 Bleeding Edge of Semiconductors: Tale of 3 Companies || Peter Zeihan > .
23-11-7 Scientific Progress & War - [Counterproductive for Ruscia] (subs) - Katz > .
23-10-25 [Five Eyes Summit; XiXiP Whining About Exposure] - Update > .
23-10-18 US-Xina Tech Competition | Update > .
23-10-17 Xina's Intellectual Property Theft | Five Eyes Leaders - Hoover > .
23-10-14 [Independent Taiwan versus Imperialist Dicktatorship] - Real > .
23-9-28 Race for semiconductor supremacy | FT > .
23-9-9 Tech War: Xina's Future Shaky; AI Industry Competion - BuBa > .
23-8-29 Understanding the Limits of Innovation || Peter Zeihan >> .
23-8-10 How Taiwan Accidentally Became an Economic Superpower - Casual > .
23-8-7 Xina's Reliance On Western Innovation | John Lee > .
23-8-1 Sanctioning Russia | Effects: Dodging Sanctions, Brain Drain (subs) - Katz > .
23-7-25 Silicon Triangle | USA, Taiwan, Xina: Semiconductors - Hoover > . full > .
23-6-20 NVGs vs PLA - US Night Superiority, Can Xina [steal & copy]? - T&P > .
23-3-2 Xina Leads US in Key Technology Research: Report | Focus > .
23-2-7 Why Xina is losing the microchip war - Vox > .
23-1-28 West Strangles Xina's Semiconductor Ambitions - Update > .
22-11-19 G20 '22 Biden-Xi meeting = "start of a new Cold War" - Times > .
Monday, June 28, 2021
AUKUS - 2021-9-15
23-5-1 Australia’s nuclear submarines enough to deter Xina? | ABC > .
22-10-11 Condeleeza Rice - Xina and Taiwan - Hoover > .
22-8-4 Situation Zoom: Pelosi Visits Taiwan | Goodfellows - Hoover > .
22-8-3 Housing Crisis Pulls Down China’s Huge Steel Industry | Pelosi | Update > .
22-8-3 Housing Crisis Pulls Down China’s Huge Steel Industry | Pelosi | Update > .
ASEAN, AUKUS, CPTPP, QUAD - Compass >> .Australia's CCP Problem - Rap >> .
AUKUS vs China - Military Comparisons ..
Australia - Military Threat from China ..
Australian Foreign Policy ..
Maritime Strategy - Australia ..
NZ, Aus, USA vs China in Pacific ..
Australia - Military Threat from China ..
Australian Foreign Policy ..
Maritime Strategy - Australia ..
NZ, Aus, USA vs China in Pacific ..
- 9 Hunter class frigates,
- 10 Arafura-class offshore patrol vessels,
- 6 evolved Cape-class patrol boats,
- up to 9 new countermeasures and military survey vessels,
- 1 ice- rated replacement for Ocean Protector,
- 1 new large forward support vessel,
- Hobart-class destroyers to be equipped with Tomahawk cruise missiles, enhancing long-range strike capability
- Planned life of type extension of Collins-class submarines,
- Transition to a fleet of (unknown-type) nuclear-powered submarines.
The AUKUS alliance shows a pivot by the United Kingdom and United States towards the Indo-Pacific area and is sending a message to China with the trilateral partnership, according to ASPI Executive Director Peter Jennings. “The key message is everything Beijing has done in the last half decade has been counterproductive to its longer-term interests,” he told Sky News Australia. Jennings said the “only reason” the AUKUS alliance existed was because of the needs to “push back” against China. “The China which militarized the South China Sea, the China which took over Hong Kong when it didn’t need to – breaking a treaty with the UK, the China which is daily threatening Taiwan and Japan,” he said. “China has forced the consequential democracies of the world to push back against this type of authoritarian behaviour.”
UK, US and Australia launch pact to counter China:
It will have ramifications for two other countries. First, France, a NATO ally, which had signed a deal to build a fleet of diesel electric submarines for the Australian Navy. As a result of the pact, Australia has scrapped a deal to build French-designed submarines. France won a A$50bn (€31bn; £27bn) contract to build 12 submarines for the Australian Navy in 2016. The deal was Australia's largest-ever defence contract. However, the project was hit with delays largely because of Canberra's requirement that many components be sourced locally.
The second is China. Though British officials insist the new defence agreement is not a response to any one country, the UK Government does say it is about ensuring prosperity, security and stability in the [Indo-Pacific] region and supporting a peaceful "rules-based order". And it is no secret that Britain, the US and Australia share concerns about China's [aggressive] military build up in the Indo-Pacific.
The UK, US and Australia have announced a special security pact to share advanced defence technologies, in an effort to counter China. The partnership will enable Australia to build nuclear-powered submarines for the first time. The pact, to be known as AUKUS, will also cover artificial intelligence, quantum technologies and cyber.
The three countries are worried about China's growing power and military presence in the Indo-Pacific. The UK Government says this is a very significant defence agreement - a point reinforced by the fact that the leaders of Britain, the United States and Australia have appeared together by video conference to announce this partnership. It also underlines the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region to both the US and the UK.
The three countries are worried about China's growing power and military presence in the Indo-Pacific. The UK Government says this is a very significant defence agreement - a point reinforced by the fact that the leaders of Britain, the United States and Australia have appeared together by video conference to announce this partnership. It also underlines the growing importance of the Indo-Pacific region to both the US and the UK.
It will have ramifications for two other countries. First, France, a NATO ally, which had signed a deal to build a fleet of diesel electric submarines for the Australian Navy. As a result of the pact, Australia has scrapped a deal to build French-designed submarines. France won a A$50bn (€31bn; £27bn) contract to build 12 submarines for the Australian Navy in 2016. The deal was Australia's largest-ever defence contract. However, the project was hit with delays largely because of Canberra's requirement that many components be sourced locally.
The second is China. Though British officials insist the new defence agreement is not a response to any one country, the UK Government does say it is about ensuring prosperity, security and stability in the [Indo-Pacific] region and supporting a peaceful "rules-based order". And it is no secret that Britain, the US and Australia share concerns about China's [aggressive] military build up in the Indo-Pacific.
China has applied to join a key Asia-Pacific trade pact as it attempts to strengthen its position in the region. The move comes the day after a historic [AUKUS] security deal between the US, UK and Australia was unveiled. China's announcement that it has officially applied to join the CPTPP comes the day after the historic AUKUS security pact, in what has been seen as an effort to counter Beijing's influence in the Asia-Pacific region. The AUKUS pact will allow Australia to build nuclear-powered submarines for the first time, using technology provided by the US and the UK. The deal, which will also cover Artificial Intelligence and other technologies, is Australia's biggest defence partnership in decades, analysts said.
The pact that eventually became the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), was created by the US to counter China's influence. However, former UNpresident DJT pulled the US out of it in 2017.
The original Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) was promoted by then-President Barack Obama as an economic bloc to challenge China's increasingly powerful position in the Asia Pacific. After DJT pulled the US out of the deal, Japan led negotiations to create what became the CPTPP. The CPTPP was signed in 2018 by 11 countries, including Australia, Canada, Chile, Japan and New Zealand.
In June 2021, the UK formally launched negotiations to join the CPTPP, while Thailand has also signalled interest in joining the agreement.
Joining the CPTPP would be a significant boost for China, especially after it signed up to a different free trade agreement with 14 countries - called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) - in November 2020. RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc, with South Korea, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand among its members.
In June 2021, the UK formally launched negotiations to join the CPTPP, while Thailand has also signalled interest in joining the agreement.
Joining the CPTPP would be a significant boost for China, especially after it signed up to a different free trade agreement with 14 countries - called the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) - in November 2020. RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc, with South Korea, China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand among its members.
Chinese commerce minister Wang Wentao said the world's second largest economy had submitted its application to join the free trade agreement in a letter to New Zealand's trade minister, Damien O'Connor. New Zealand acts as the administrative centre for the pact.
21-9-18 AUKUS: France recalls envoys amid security pact row: [to quote "Junior": "Childish!"]
France has said it is recalling its ambassadors in the US and Australia for consultations, in protest at a security deal which also includes the UK. The French foreign minister said the "exceptional decision" was justified by the situation's "exceptional gravity".
The AUKUS alliance angered France as it scuppered a [delay-plagued] multibillion-dollar deal it had signed with Australia. France was informed of the alliance only hours before the public announcement was made.
When they have picked themselves up from their humiliation, the French will need to gather their sangfroid and confront some cruel verities.
Number one: there is no sentiment in geostrategy. The French must see there is no point in wailing about having been shoddily treated. Who ever heard of a nation short-changing its defence priorities out of not wanting to give offence? The fact is that the Australians calculated they had underestimated the Chinese threat and so needed to boost their level of deterrence. They acted with steely disregard for French concerns but, when it comes to the crunch, that is what nations do. ............. The third harsh truth is that there is no obvious other way for France to fulfil its global ambitions. The lesson of the last week is that France by itself is too small to make much of a dent in strategic affairs. Every four years the Chinese build as many ships as there are in the entire French fleet. When it came to the crunch, the Australians preferred to be close to a superpower, not a minipower.
Sunday, July 5, 2020
X Twitter
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24-11-16 Twitter and responsible social media - Anders > .In contrast to a user interface, which connects a computer to a person, an application programming interface connects computers or pieces of software to each other. It is not intended to be used directly by a person (the end user) other than a computer programmer who is incorporating it into software. An API is often made up of different parts which act as tools or services that are available to the programmer. A program or a programmer that uses one of these parts is said to call that portion of the API. The calls that make up the API are also known as subroutines, methods, requests, or endpoints. An API specification defines these calls, meaning that it explains how to use or implement them.
One purpose of APIs is to hide the internal details of how a system works, exposing only those parts a programmer will find useful and keeping them consistent even if the internal details later change. An API may be custom-built for a particular pair of systems, or it may be a shared standard allowing interoperability among many systems.
The term API is often used to refer to web APIs, which allow communication between computers that are joined by the internet. There are also APIs for programming languages, software libraries, computer operating systems, and computer hardware. APIs originated in the 1940s, though the term did not emerge until the 1960s and 70s.
Friday, February 28, 2020
AI & Cyberthreats
22-1-23 How Governments Fund Cyberattacks - VisPol > .
24-4-15 AI Deception: How Tech Companies Are [Scamming Investors] - ColdF > .
24-2-19 AI Played Wargames - Result Not Reassuring - Sabine > .
24-1-6 R-U War: First Сyberwar in History 1 - UA > .
23-9-24 Combat Drones & Future Air Warfare - Humans + Wingman - Perun > .
23-9-30 Internet Backbone = Hidden Infrastructure - B1M > .
23-8-29 Major FBI Operation Targeted Qakbot Botnet - Director Wray > .
23-8-18 AI Origins to Catastrophism vs Optimism - gtbt > .
23-5-6 Artificial Intelligence: What's next? - Sabine Hossenfelder > .
23-3-3 Generative AI, ChatGPT, CG Art: Future of Work - Patrick Boyle > . skip > .
22-9-29 Is Your Laptop's Microphone Spying On You? - Seytonic > .
22-9-29 Pegasus: The Most Dangerous Virus In The World - Tech > .
22-8-6 Pegasus Spyware Leaks - Seytonic > .
22-6-21 Understanding R-U War (16) - Technology c Lucia Velasco > .
22-4-25 Ronan Farrow: How Democracies Spy on their Citizens | A&Co > .
22-4-19 How Cyberwarfare Actually Works (Stuxnet +) - Wendover > .
22-3-25 Cyberwarfare during/outset of Russian Invasion of Ukraine - nwyt > .
22-2-24 Pegasus: Israel's Spy system has Scandalized the World - VisPol > .
⧫ Cryptography ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
⧫ R&D ..
⧫ Surveillance, Spyware ..
⧫ Wargaming, Hypothetical Warfare ..
UK spies will need artificial intelligence - Rusi report: UK spies will need to use artificial intelligence (AI) to counter a range of threats, according to a report based on unprecedented access to British intelligence. Adversaries are likely to use the technology for attacks in cyberspace and on the political system, and AI will be needed to detect and stop them.
AI is unlikely to predict who might be about to be involved in serious crimes, such as terrorism - and will not replace human judgement. Acts such as terrorism are too infrequent to provide sufficiently large historical datasets to look for patterns - they happen far less often than other criminal acts, such as burglary.
Even within that data set, the background and ideologies of the perpetrators vary so much that it is hard to build a model of a terrorist profile. There are too many variables to make prediction straightforward, with new events potentially being radically different from previous ones.
The Royal United Services Institute (Rusi) think tank also argues that the use of AI could give rise to new privacy and human-rights considerations, which will require new guidance. Any kind of profiling could also be discriminatory and lead to new human-rights concerns.
Privacy advocates fear that artificial intelligence will require collecting and analysing far larger amounts of data from ordinary people, in order to understand and search for patterns, that create a new level of intrusion. The authors of the report believe new rules will be needed.
⧫ Surveillance, Spyware ..
⧫ Wargaming, Hypothetical Warfare ..
The future threats could include using AI to develop deep fakes - where a computer can learn to generate convincing faked video of a real person - in order to manipulate public opinion and elections. It might also be used to mutate malware for cyber-attacks, making it harder for normal systems to detect - or even to repurpose and control drones to carry out attacks. In such cases, AI will be needed to counter AI.
AI is unlikely to predict who might be about to be involved in serious crimes, such as terrorism - and will not replace human judgement. Acts such as terrorism are too infrequent to provide sufficiently large historical datasets to look for patterns - they happen far less often than other criminal acts, such as burglary.
Even within that data set, the background and ideologies of the perpetrators vary so much that it is hard to build a model of a terrorist profile. There are too many variables to make prediction straightforward, with new events potentially being radically different from previous ones.
In practice, in fields like counter-terrorism, the report argues that "augmented" - rather than artificial - intelligence will be the norm - where technology helps human analysts sift through and prioritise increasingly large amounts of data, allowing humans to make their own judgements.
One of the thorny legal and ethical questions for spy agencies, especially since the Edward Snowden revelations, is how justifiable it is to collect large amounts of data from ordinary people in order to sift it and analyse it to look for those who might be involved in terrorism or other criminal activity. A related question concerns how far privacy is violated when data is collected and analysed by a machine versus when a human sees it.
Privacy advocates fear that artificial intelligence will require collecting and analysing far larger amounts of data from ordinary people, in order to understand and search for patterns, that create a new level of intrusion. The authors of the report believe new rules will be needed.
AI Weaponry
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24-4-5 Israel's Lavender System, AI Targeting, Battlefield Informatics - McBeth > .
22-10-14 US-China: Tech | Semiconductors - Update > .
22-2-27 Armed Drones Disrupt Modern Warfare (Nagorno-Karabakh) - Asianometry > .
21-3-23 RADICAL RESHAPE For The UK Military - Forces > .
21-3-23 RADICAL RESHAPE For The UK Military - Forces > .
Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems (LAWS), AI algorithms,
⧫ Cryptography ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
The report counters that if autonomous weapons systems have been properly tested and are authorised for use by a human commander, then they should be consistent with International Humanitarian Law.
Much of the 750-page report focuses on how to counter China's ambition to be a world leader in AI by 2030. It says that senior military leaders have warned the US could "lose its military-technical superiority in the coming years" if China leapfrogs it by adopting AI-enabled systems more quickly - for example by using swarming drones to attack the US Navy.
The report maintains that the White House should press Moscow and Beijing to issue public commitments of their own over this matter.
Other proposals include:
- creating a new body to help the president guide the US's wider AI policies
- relaxing immigration laws to help attract talent from abroad, including an effort to increase a "brain drain" from China
- creating a new university to train digitally-talented civil servants
- accelerating the adoption of new technologies by the US's intelligence agencies
President Biden has already ordered a review of the US semiconductor industry, and last week pledged support for a $37bn plan by Congress to boost local output.
The report contends that export restrictions need to be put in place to prevent China being able to import the photolithography machines required to make the most advanced types of chips with the smallest transistors. This, it says, will require the co-operation of the governments of the Netherlands and Japan, whose companies specialise in these tools.
The report contends that export restrictions need to be put in place to prevent China being able to import the photolithography machines required to make the most advanced types of chips with the smallest transistors. This, it says, will require the co-operation of the governments of the Netherlands and Japan, whose companies specialise in these tools.
China's semiconductor-makers have been seeking out second-hand photolithography equipment to do this, buying up as much as 90% of available stock, according to a report in Nikkei Asia. However, these older machines are not capable of producing the most advanced chips, which are prized for use in both the latest smartphones and other consumer gadgets, as well as military applications.
In addition, the report says US firms that export chips to China should be compelled to certify they are not used to "facilitate human rights abuses", and should submit quarterly reports to the Department of Commerce listing all chip sales to China. This follows allegations that chips from American firms Intel and Nvidia were used to conduct mass surveillance against China's Uighur ethnic minority in its Xinjiang region.
Saturday, February 22, 2020
Global Perspective on AI
21-12-2 Global Perspective on AI With Eric Schmidt - Scale AI > .
24-4-15 AI Deception: How Tech Companies Are [Scamming Investors] - ColdF > .
24-2-19 AI Played Wargames - Result Not Reassuring - Sabine > .
23-8-18 AI Origins to Catastrophism vs Optimism - gtbt > .
23-5-6 Artificial Intelligence: What's next? - Sabine Hossenfelder > .
23-5-5 [AI / Demographics / Producers / Consumers] - EcEx > . skip > .
23-3-3 Generative AI, ChatGPT, CG Art: Future of Work - Patrick Boyle > . skip > .
22-9-29 Is Your Laptop's Microphone Spying On You? - Seytonic > .
22-9-29 Pegasus: The Most Dangerous Virus In The World - Tech > .
22-8-6 Pegasus Spyware Leaks - Seytonic > .
22-6-21 Understanding R-U War (16) - Technology c Lucia Velasco > .
22-4-19 How Cyberwarfare Actually Works (Stuxnet +) - Wendover > .
⧫ Cryptography ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
⧫ Cyberwar, Digital Warfare ..
⧫ Electronic Warfare, Microwave Assault ..
⧫ Future Warfare ..
⧫ Government, Logistics - Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hardware ..
⧫ Hybrid Warfare ..
⧫ Hypothetical Warfare, Wargaming ..
⧫ Intelligence ..
⧫ Internet ..
⧫ IP Theft (industrial, intellectual property theft) ..
⧫ MILDEC - Military Deception ..
⧫ Military ..
⧫ Propaganda, Communications ..
Sunday, December 23, 2018
Future Air Power
23-9-24 Combat Drones & Future Air Warfare - Humans + Wingman - Perun > .
23-12-15 FPV drone use in R-U war - cheap guided missiles - Binkov > .
24-4-19 Over The Horizon Super Radars: Australia (JORN), US, Xina, Ruscia - S&AC > .
23-10-27 Future of Warfare - nwyt > . skip > .
GMD - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense > Air Defense >>
24-4-19 GMD - America's Missile Defense - T&P > .
Future Air Power ..
Wednesday, June 20, 2018
Innovation Race & Crisis
24-8-9 Why ChatGPT sucks at some languages - nature > .
23-9-28 Race for semiconductor supremacy | FT > .
22-10-27 Xina is "Pretty Much Screwed" - laowhy86 > .
GMD - Ground-Based Midcourse Defense > Air Defense >>
24-4-19 GMD - America's Missile Defense - T&P > .
Innovation Race & Crisis ..
22-2-4 Emerging technologies are changing who can collect, analyze, and act on information on a global scale. Commercial satellite imagery enabled private citizens to observe the buildup of Russian troops near the Ukraine border and social media platforms provide nefarious actors with a vast battleground to conduct information warfare. Amy Zegart joins us virtually to discuss what she learned about how technology is changing intelligence while researching her latest book, Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence.
Amy Zegart (born 1967) is an American academic. She serves as the co-director of the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University; a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution; and professor of political economy (by courtesy) at the Stanford Graduate School of Business.
[Warning about the risk of a world dominated by a racist, autocratic bully — the CCP. Racist? Yup, in that, by dint of early civilization, the Chinese view Han Chinese as superior to all other nations, the CCP is worse than the racist-subset of Americans.]
Amy Zegart is the Morris Arnold and Nona Jean Cox Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, where she chairs the Working Group on Technology, Economics, and Governance. She’s also a professor of political science at Stanford, and an expert on intelligence, cybersecurity, and big tech. In this wide-ranging conversation, Professor Zegart discusses the US relationship with China and how she views that country’s aggressive stance toward Taiwan; why big tech companies are a potential threat not only to privacy, but also to our national security; and why the next war may well be fought with a keyboard rather than on a battlefield.
Zegart is a leading national expert on the United States Intelligence Community and national security policy. She has written three books on the topic: Flawed By Design, which chronicled the evolution of the relationship between the United States Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council; Spying Blind, which examined U.S. intelligence agencies in the period preceding the September 11 attacks in 2001; and Eyes on Spies, which examined the weaknesses of U.S. intelligence oversight.
Zegart is a leading national expert on the United States Intelligence Community and national security policy. She has written three books on the topic: Flawed By Design, which chronicled the evolution of the relationship between the United States Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the National Security Council; Spying Blind, which examined U.S. intelligence agencies in the period preceding the September 11 attacks in 2001; and Eyes on Spies, which examined the weaknesses of U.S. intelligence oversight.
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
