Showing posts with label WW1. Show all posts
Showing posts with label WW1. Show all posts

Tuesday, September 27, 2022

Despicable Antics

Ruscism dēlenda est ...
22-9-27 Ruscia moves to annex parts of Ukraine - Caspian > .
24-4-16 [XIR] Iran's use of [terrorist] proxies to [harm] USA and Israel - Caspian > .
23-10-23 Poland Must Defend Ukraine against Historical Rival: Russia - GeoP > .
23-10-19 [R-U & NoXious XIR Axis behind Hamas atrocities] - DiD > .
23-8-30 Fear is the new normal in Russian politics - Anders > .
23-8-29 Dictatorships: From Spin to Fear | Ruscist Regression (subs) - Katz > .
23-8-29 Major FBI Operation Targeted Qakbot Botnet - Director Wray > .
23-7-13 What's Next For Ruscia After Wagner's Mercenary Revolt - CNBC > .
23-7-2 Is Vladimir P00tin’s power coming to an end? | 60 Min Aus > .
23-6-9 Inside Wagner, Ruscia’s Secret War Company | WSJ Doc > .
23-5-13 [Ztupidity: P00, Babitchkas, Prickozhin, Fodder, nukes, Xi] - CBC > .
23-5-13 [P00pagandistic manipulation and public opinion] (subs) - Katz > .
23-4-16 R-U Hybrid Warfare: P00paganda, cyber, hybrid methods - Perun > .
23-3-15 Timothy Snyder on reasons for ICC "WAR CRIMES" decision > .
23-3-5 Wagner Group, Russian PMCs & Ukraine - Hx, R-U - Perun > .
23-2-10 Political Apoothy | Blame Game, Coping Strategies (subs) - Katz > .
23-2-8 Ruscia’s Warpaint | Once “decent” people провоенный (subs) - Katz > .
23-2-3 [Demented Krumblin Conspiracy Poopaganda] (subs) - Katz > .
23-1-22 Politics Can Destroy Armies: Factionalism & R-U War - Perun > .
23-1-19 Kremlin's Bizarre Ideological Mission for 2023 - Vlad > .
22-12-16 3 reasons why Pootin started the ztupid war (subs) - Katz > .
22-11-23 Kherson Retreat & Winter Prospects [War Mapped] - gtbt > .
22-12-5 Russians tired of poopaganda | Gardening beats Soloviev (subs) - MK > .
22-11-4 Pootin's Son: Ramzan Kadyrov - Part 1 - Terrorussia > .
22-10-24 How a Russian Nuclear Strike Could Play Out | WSJ > .
22-10-21 Response if Russia uses a nuclear weapon in Ukraine? - J K-L > .
22-10-20 The Russian war narrative after mobilization - Anders > .
22-10-16 The most pointless war of the century (subs) - Katz > .
Proxy Warfare 
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Monday, January 31, 2022

What Cost War?

† The Fallen of World War II - NeHa > .
† Number of Dead In WW2 | Great War In Numbers | Timeline > .
† Numbers of deaths per nation in WW2 | Stats > .WW1: Loss of Life in WWI Visualized - Real > .† Simulation of a Nuclear Blast in a Major City - NeHa > .23-11-17 America's 3 New Nukes (weapons they counter) - Sandboxx > .
23-9-11 All The Times We Nearly Blew Up The World - Veritasium > .23-8-15 What If? P00ti's Nuke Targets - Show > .
22-12-4 [Dare Pooti] Use Nuclear Weapons? - Jake Broe > .22-10-21 Response if Russia uses a nuclear weapon in Ukraine? - J K-L > .22-11-8 Predicted Impact of High-Altitude Nuclear EMP on Power Grid - Practical > .
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Saturday, March 27, 2021

Bessarabia - Moldova, Romania, Transnistria, Ukraine

22-5-22 Could Moldova & Transnistria end up like Ukraine? - VisPol > .
24-12-13 Pooti Using Romania to Shake NATO’s Foundations | VisPol > .
24-4-25 [Innacurate Depictions of] "Eastern Europe" - Kraut > .
24-3-29 MOLDOVA | Time to Retake Transnistria? - Prof J K-L > .
24-2-2 Romania, After America || Peter Zeihan > .
24-1-9 Volga River - History, Importance; Volga-Don Canal - Animation > .
23-9-17 How the Rich Ate Moldova - Asianometry > .
23-8-20 NATO's Rearmament & Spending - NATO's R-U Response - Perun > .
23-7-8 R-U War could unite Moldova & Romania - Perspective > . skip > .
23-4-18 Why Ruscia wants [weak, impoverished, pro-EU] Moldova - T&P > .
23-3-8 Tensions mounting in Moldova amid war in Ukraine | DW > .
23-2-25 Why Moldova Is Important in the Russia-Ukraine War | WSJ > .
22-12-16 Moldova’s frozen conflict c R-backed breakaway Transnistria - BBC > .
22-12-2 Austria, Hungary, Serbia, Croatia - Danube & Europe's Future - Kraut > .
22-7-21 Why Every NATO Member Joined (Why Others Haven't) - Spaniel > .
22-4-27 Trans-Dneister | DW > .
22-4-22 Romania-Moldova | Could They Really Unite? - Prof J K-L > .
22-4-15 Russia’s Disinformation Spreads Beyond Its Borders | Russia-Ukraine War > .
22-4-10 Ukraine War From Russia's Perspective - CaspianReport > .
22-4-7 Russian attacks on Ukraine → Former Soviet republic of Moldova's fears > .
22-3-29 (full Transnistria) Moldova: Putin's Next Target? | SBS Dateline > .
1:45 - Frozen in amber 
5:25 - Lines on map 
8:55 - ad
10:25 - Forged in fire 
14:15 - Old battles re fought
15:26 - Gaugauz - Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR - Transnistria War
16:18 - Collapse of USSR
18:41 - Mafia State

A senior Russian commander has said that Moscow is planning to seize Ukraine's south and open a route to Moldova's Transnistria. The Russian commander said that Moscow plans to establish full control over the Donbas and southern Ukraine. As per Gen Rustam Minnekayev, control over southern Ukraine will give Moscow direct access to Transnistria. The Russian commander also claimed there was evidence of "oppression" of the Russian-speaking population there. Russia had previously used claims of oppression of Russian minorities in eastern Ukraine as grounds for military action.

(DW 22-4-29) The Russian military said it plans to seize all of southern Ukraine and open a route to the breakaway Moldovan region of Trans-Dniester. Major General Rustam Minnekayev, acting commander of Russia's Central Military District, said on Friday (22-4-22) that Moscow plans to establish full control over the Donbas region and southern Ukraine, as part of the "second phase" of its military operation. He also claimed that control of southern Ukraine would give Russia a gateway to the breakaway Moldovan region of Trans-Dniester, where there are "facts of oppression of the Russian-speaking population." The announcement has sparked concern that Russia could use the territory to launch attacks on western Ukraine, or move in on Moldova.

What is Trans-Dniester? Trans-Dniester is a narrow strip of land on the east bank of the Dniester River, sandwiched between Ukraine and Moldova. The breakaway region seceded from Moldova after a brief military conflict in 1992. In this conflict, separatists were supported by Moscow. Russia still has about 2,000 soldiers, as well as around 300 peacekeepers, stationed in the region and regularly conducts military maneuvers there. The separatists dubbed the region the "Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic" (PMR), but not even Russia recognizes it as a sovereign state. In 2006, the region held an independence referendum, but the results were not recognized by the international community.
  

Bessarabia (Russian: Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Ukrainian: Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Bulgarian: Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west. About two thirds of Bessarabia lies within modern-day Moldova, with the Ukrainian Budjak region covering the southern coastal region and part of the Ukrainian Chernivtsi Oblast covering a small area in the north.

In the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), and the ensuing Peace of Bucharest, the eastern parts of the Principality of Moldavia, an Ottoman vassal, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, were ceded to Imperial Russia. The acquisition was among the Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. The newly acquired territories were organised as the Governorate of Bessarabia, adopting a name previously used for the southern plains between the Dniester and the Danube rivers. Following the Crimean War, in 1856, the southern areas of Bessarabia were returned to Moldavian rule; Russian rule was restored over the whole of the region in 1878, when Romania, the result of Moldavia's union with Wallachia, was pressured into exchanging those territories for the Dobruja.

In 1917, in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the area constituted itself as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, an autonomous republic part of a proposed federative Russian state. Bolshevik agitation in late 1917 and early 1918 resulted in the intervention of the Romanian Army, ostensibly to pacify the region. Soon after, the parliamentary assembly declared independence, and then union with the Kingdom of Romania. However, the legality of these acts was disputed, most prominently by the Soviet Union, which regarded the area as a territory occupied by Romania.

In 1940, after securing the assent of Nazi Germany through the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union pressured Romania, under threat of war, into withdrawing from Bessarabia, allowing the Red Army to annex the region. The area was formally integrated into the Soviet Union: the core joined parts of the Moldavian ASSR to form the Moldavian SSR, while territories inhabited by Slavic majorities in the north and the south of Bessarabia were transferred to the Ukrainian SSR. Axis-aligned Romania recaptured the region in 1941 with the success of Operation München during the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, but lost it in 1944 as the tide of war turned. In 1947, the Soviet-Romanian border along the Prut was internationally recognised by the Paris Treaty that ended World War II.

During the process of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Moldavian and Ukrainian SSRs proclaimed their independence in 1991, becoming the modern states of Moldova and Ukraine, while preserving the existing partition of Bessarabia. Following a short war in the early 1990s, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic was proclaimed in the Transnistria, extending its authority also over the municipality of Bender on the right bank of Dniester river. Part of the Gagauz-inhabited areas in southern Bessarabia was organised in 1994 as an autonomous region within Moldova.

An enclave is a territory (or a part of one) that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state or entity. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters. Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. The Vatican City and San Marino, both enclaved by Italy, and Lesotho, enclaved by South Africa, are completely enclaved sovereign states.

An exclave is a portion of a state or territory geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (of one or more states). Many exclaves are also enclaves, but are not necessarily so; an exclave can be surrounded by several states. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave (bordering Armenia, Turkey and Iran).

Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves.  Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states (Monaco, The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just a part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast).

A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached—in particular, by wheeled traffic—only through the territory of another country.  Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves.  Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington and Minnesota's Northwest Angle. A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north.

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Thursday, December 31, 2020

● 20th Century

Pre-WW1 (1900 to 1914)
●● WW1 (1914-1918)
●● Interbellum (1919-1939)
●● WW2 (1939-1945)
●● Post War & Cold War (1946-1989)
●● 1990s ..


20th Century History (1900-1909) - HiPo >> .
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Friday, October 23, 2020

Flikke, Colonel Julia

.42-3-13: Julia Flikke, Army Nurse Corps, 1st female Colonel in USA - HiPo > .

Flikke (1879-1965) was born in rural Wisconsin, but moved to Chicago following the death of her husband from tuberculosis in 1911. Here she trained at the Augustana Hospital School of Nursing, returning a few years later as assistant superintendent after post-graduate study at Columbia University’s Teachers College in New York.

Flikke enrolled in the Army Nurse Corps in March 1918, and traveled to France where she served as chief nurse. After a short period in the United States after the war, she completed tours of duty in places such as the Philippines and China before spending a number of years at the Walter Reed Hospital in Washington D.C. where she was promoted to the rank of captain and appointed Assistant Superintendent of the Army Nurse Corps.

In 1937 Flikke succeeded the highly respected Julia Stimson as Superintendent, and was promoted to the rank of major. This was the highest rank available to women at the time, although it was much lower than the men who headed up other parts of the Army.

As the advent of the Second World War saw the United States Army expand at a swift pace, Flikke oversaw the growth for the ANC from around 700 nurses in 1940 to tens of thousands by 1943. It was during this period that the government passed Public Law 828, which authorized commissions up to the rank of colonel for Army nurses.

Three months later, on 13 March 1942, Flikke became the first woman in the United States Army to hold the rank of colonel. Although her rating was only temporary, it marked in important step towards the Army-Navy Nurse Act of 1947 that made such appointments permanent.

Julia Otteson Flikke (March 16, 1879 in Viroqua, Wisconsin – February 23, 1965) was an American nurse. Her service to the United States Army Nurse Corps spanned both world wars and included overseas assignments in the Philippines and China. In 1927, she was appointed Assistant Superintendent of the ANC and was promoted to the relative rank of captain. In 1937, she succeeded Julia Stimson as Superintendent with the relative rank of major. She was the last superintendent to hold the office before the statutory limitation of four years was placed on the tenure. She was also the first woman to hold the rank of full colonel in the Army. Although the rating was temporary then (1942), it marked a step forward to granting of full military rank and privileges in 1947. She retired [age 65] due to disability in June 1943.

Julia O. Flikke was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin, on March 16, 1879. She would receive her early education there. Flikke married in 1901, but her husband died ten years later. The following year, she entered the School of Nursing of the Augustana Hospital in Chicago. She graduated in 1915, and, after several months of postgraduate education, Flikke accepted a post as assistant principal of her old school. She would stay there until entering the United States Army Nurse Corps on March 11, 1918, and (after being promoted to chief nurse) serving in Lakewood Township, New Jersey as well as Staten Island. Flick moved to Base Camp No. 11, in France in 1918, serving in several hospitals before returning to the United States in 1919. She first worked at Camp Upton, and subsequently travelled around the country, before setting in Walter Reed General Hospital, where she would work for twelve years.

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Thursday, October 22, 2020

Geishas

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On the Homefront - WW2 >> .Women in Parliament - UK P >> .

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Wednesday, October 21, 2020

Hello Girls - WW1


When the first members of the American Expeditionary Force arrived in France in 1917 they found that the telephone lines already in operation were overloaded. To solve the problem, John J Pershing called for experienced, bilingual switchboard operators, which meant women. Hundreds would don the uniform and answer the call as “Hello Girls”, serving in the Signal Corps.

The St. Francis Dam was a curved concrete gravity dam, built to create a large regulating and storage reservoir for the city of Los Angeles, California. The reservoir was an integral part of the city's Los Angeles Aqueduct water supply infrastructure. It was located in San Francisquito Canyon of the Sierra Pelona Mountains, about 40 miles (64 km) northwest of downtown Los Angeles, and approximately 10 miles (16 km) north of the present day city of Santa Clarita.

The dam was designed and built between 1924 and 1926 by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, then named the Bureau of Water Works and Supply. The department was under the direction of its general manager and chief engineer, William Mulholland.

At 11:57 p.m. on March 12, 1928, the dam catastrophically failed, and the resulting flood killed at least 431 people. The collapse of the St. Francis Dam is considered to be one of the worst American civil engineering disasters of the 20th century and remains the second-greatest loss of life in California's history, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. The disaster marked the end of Mulholland's career.

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Tuesday, October 13, 2020

Progress, Reversal - Women in WW1

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Tuesday, October 6, 2020

Women in Combat - UK

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Flight Lieutenant Julie Ann Gibson was the first full-time female pilot for the Royal Air Force when she graduated in 1991. Previously a ground-based officer, she learnt to fly while attending City, University of London. She was subsequently assigned to No. 32 Squadron RAF flying Hawker Siddeley Andovers, and following her promotion to Captain, Lockheed C-130 Hercules at RAF Lyneham.

She attended the City, University of London, where she graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering. While at University, she had learnt to fly and had joined the associated University Air Squadron.

Gibson joined the Royal Air Force College in 1984, and following her officer training, she was posted to RAF Honington in Suffolk. She was initially in charge of 75 engineers. In the following assignment, she commanded 160 men in the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II tactical weapons unit. Alongside fellow female pilot Sally Cox, Gibson took her first solo flights in 1990 at RAF Linton-on-Ouse. She successfully applied for pilot training, going on to train in the Advanced Flying Training Wing. She graduated as the first female pilot in the RAF on 14 June 1991 at No. 6 Flying Training School RAF, within RAF Finningley. She was assigned to No. 32 Squadron RAF, where she flew Hawker Siddeley Andovers out of RAF Northolt. She was subsequently promoted to Flight Lieutenant, and assigned to fly Lockheed C-130 Hercules at RAF Lyneham.

Joanna Mary Salter (born 27 August 1968, in Bournemouth) was Britain's first female fast jet pilot flying the Panavia Tornado ground attack aircraft with 617 Squadron, she later became an inspirational speaker.

Salter joined the Royal Air Force at the age of 18 with the intention of becoming an engineering officer but she went on to train as a pilot after the British government announced that women would be allowed to fly jet aircraft in 1992. As part of her engineering training she had studied at the Royal Military College of Science. Salter was awarded her wings on 3 April 1992 and at the end of 1992 she finished her fast jet training at RAF Brawdy with Dawn Hadlow (nee Bradley), who became Britain's first RAF female flight instructor.

In August 1994 Salter joined 617 Squadron at RAF Lossiemouth in August 1994 as a flight lieutenant, and was declared "combat ready" by the RAF on 21 February 1995. Salter was the first woman to be an operational Tornado pilot and she later flew from both Turkey and Saudi Arabia in protection of the no-fly zone over Iraq. Whilst flying ground attack Tornados, Salter started an MBA course with the Open University in 1996, being sponsored by the MoD, she completed the course in 1999.
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Women & Children

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Home Front - ElQu >> .
Home Front - BeSi >> .
Pied Piper - ViDo >> .
Women, Children - WW2 - RaWa >> .
Women - WW1, interbellum - RaWa >> .
Women - WW2 - BeGe >> .
Medical, Surgical Services - ViDo >> .
Fabric, Fashion, Rationing ~30s, 40s - ElQu >> .
Women's Land Army - ViDo >> .
London Life - ViDo >> .
The 1940s House - ElQu >> .
Food Rationing - ViDo >> .
Nutrition Front - ViDo >> .
Rationing & Black Market - ViDo >> .
Wartime Farm - AbHi >> .
Wartime Farm, Kitchen & Garden - arch >> .
Wartime, Subsistence Cooking - ElQu >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm - ElQu >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Home - Pickle >> .
Wartime Kitchen, Garden, Farm, Rations - ToBl >> .

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Monday, August 24, 2020

Early Combat Aircraft - 1900 to 1918 to 1945


The Pioneers of Flight - 1900 to 1918 > . 
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Friday, July 24, 2020

DORA - Defence of the Realm Act, 1914

The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in the United Kingdom on 8 August 1914, four days after it entered WW1 (1914-8-4) and was added to as the war progressed. It gave the government wide-ranging powers during the war, such as the power to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort, or to make regulations creating criminal offences.

DORA ushered in a variety of authoritarian social control mechanisms, such as censorship:

"No person shall by word of mouth or in writing spread reports likely to cause disaffection or alarm among any of His Majesty's forces or among the civilian population"
Anti-war activists, including John MacLean, Willie Gallacher, John William Muir, and Bertrand Russell, were sent to prison. The film, The Dop Doctor, was prohibited under the act by the South African government with the justification that its portrayal of Boers during the Siege of Mafeking would antagonise Afrikaners.

The trivial peacetime activities no longer permitted included flying kites, starting bonfires, buying binoculars, feeding wild animals bread, discussing naval and military matters or buying alcohol on public transport. Alcoholic drinks were watered down and pub opening times were restricted to noon–3pm and 6:30pm–9:30pm (the requirement for an afternoon gap in permitted hours lasted in England until the Licensing Act 1988).

The original Act was amended and extended six times over the course of the War, firstly on 28 August 1914 by the Defence of the Realm (No. 2) Act 1914, and on 27 November 1914 by the Defence of the Realm (Consolidation Act), 1914 (which repealed and replaced the previous Acts). It was amended three times in 1915, by the Defence of the Realm (Amendment) Acts, 1915 (5 Geo. 5, cc. 34, 37), and (5 & 6 Geo. 5, c. 42).



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Monday, July 13, 2020

Pentagon

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Pentagon: America's Modern Military Fortress - Geo > .
24-8-12 HR McMaster on [DUH] Foreign Policy & Technology Warfare | Hoover > .
23-8-29 How Pentagon Became World’s Most Secure Building - Wend > .
22-2-23 New Space Race is More Insane than Ever - RealLifeLore > .

The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is also often used as a metonym or synecdoche for the Department of Defense and its leadership.

Located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., the building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major motivating power behind the project; Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army.

Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U.S. Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. In the late 1930s, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem and ended up being used by the Department of State. When World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and the department spread out.

The Pentagon is the world's largest office building, with about 6,500,000 square feet (150 acres; 0.60 km2) of floor space, of which 3,700,000 sq ft (85 acres; 0.34 km2) are used as offices. Some 23,000 military and civilian employees, and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 miles (28.2 km) of corridors. The central five-acre (2.0 ha) pentagonal plaza is nicknamed "ground zero" on the presumption that it would be a prime target in a nuclear war.

On 11 September 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked and flown into the western side of the building, killing 189 people. Of those killed, 64 were on the hijacked airplane, and 125 were in the Pentagon. It was the first significant foreign attack on Washington's governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British during the War of 1812.

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Sunday, May 31, 2020

Great Powers, Spheres of Influence 1815-2020

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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...

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