20th+

Friday, October 25, 2013

Regression to USSR

23-9-5 Desperation: Child Labor & Military Training at School (subs) - Katz > .

Demographics and development explained - Circles >> .

ēdūcere - pro libertate >> .
Education - Essentials - Δημόκριτος >> .
Education Industry - Debts, Benefits - Weighs >> .
Education vs Sheepskin - Alētheiai >> .
Intelligence and Education - Serious Science >> .

Return to Rationality - prīmum nōn nocēre >> .
Sheepskin Industry - Weighs >> .
Threats to Rationality - Blake >> .
Red Ed - enDürer >> .

Regressive Anti-Meritocracy

Awaking to Problematic "Wokeness" - Blake >> .

Ẃokish Equivocation - Blake >> .

Dumbing Down

25-6-9 Is There a Stupidity Epidemic? - Fox > .

Surprised How Smart (Or Dumb) You Are | Dunning-Kruger Effect > .

Rationality Threatened - Rap >> .

Thursday, October 24, 2013

The Education Act 1902 (2 Edw. VII), also known as the Balfour Act, was a highly controversial Act of Parliament that set the pattern of elementary education in England and Wales for four decades. It was brought to Parliament by a Conservative government and was supported by the Church of England, opposed many by Nonconformists and the Liberal Party. The Act provided funds for denominational religious instruction in voluntary elementary schools, most of which were owned by the Church of England and the Roman Catholics. It reduced the divide between voluntary schools, which were largely administered by the Church of England, and schools provided and run by elected school boards, and reflected the influence of the Efficiency Movement in Britain. It was extended in 1903 to cover London.

The "Cockerton Judgment" of 1901 had caused a crisis by undermining the lawfulness of "higher grade schools" for children over the age of twelve. A temporary fix allowed the schools to operate one more year. A second issue involved the 14,000 church schools, called "voluntary schools", run chiefly by the Church of England and including some Roman Catholic schools. They were poorly funded and did not receive a share of local taxes, but they educated a third of school children.

Under the 1902 Act the existing overlapping jurisdictions, with 2,568 school boards set up by the Elementary Education Act 1870, as well as all existing School Attendance Committees, were abolished. Their duties were handed over to county councils or county borough councils, as local education authorities (LEAs). The 328 LEAs fixed local tax rates. The LEAs could establish new secondary and technical schools as well as developing the existing system of elementary schools. These LEAs were in charge of paying schoolteachers, ensuring they were properly qualified, and providing necessary books and equipment. They paid the teachers in the church schools, with the churches providing and maintaining the school buildings and providing the religious instruction.

Under the Education Act 1902 (Balfour Act) changes to conditions attached to government grants encouraged the expansion of technical education. Local Education Authorities (LEAs) took over most of the evening continuation schools. After 1926 they became known as evening institutes.

The merging of evening continuation and evening technical school provision after 1902 resulted in LEAs and other managing bodies providing:

part-time day and evening courses, including day continuation classes
courses at works schools and elsewhere in a variety of vocational, domestic, art and general subjects

Tutorial classes developed as part of a movement to expand facilities for adult education, fusing the interests of the Workers’ Educational Association and the University of Oxford. The classes were recognised by the Board of Education in Regulations of 1908/1909 and grant-aided.

Opposition to the Act came especially from Methodists, Baptists and other Nonconformists outraged at support for Anglican and Catholic schools, and angry at losing their powerful role on elected school boards. Historian Standish Meacham explores their position:

the act put an end to the broad-based expansion of secondary education that had originated in the so-called higher grade schools established by progressive, popularly elected local boards. Instead, secondary education was [to be] administered by county council committees and occurred in specifically designated "secondary" schools, admission to which was strictly controlled so as to exclude all but a very few working-class children. This important issue [was] a matter of major concern to working-class reformers anxious to provide a democratic "highway" rather than an exclusionary "ladder" to secondary education.

The Liberal Party led the opposition and made it a major issue especially in the election of 1906; the Labour Movement was mostly opposed.

The Act was a short-term political disaster for the Conservatives, who lost massively at the 1906 general election. However, G. R. Searle has argued that it was long-term success. It standardized and upgraded the educational systems of England and Wales and led to a rapid growth of secondary schools, with over 1,000 opening by 1914, including 349 for girls only. The Church schools had financing from local ratepayers and had to meet uniform standards. Eventually, in the Butler Act of 1944, the Anglican schools were brought largely under the control of Local Education Authorities.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Act_1902 .

Education (Provision of Meals) Act 1906, a noncontroversial welfare law .

Education - Council, Board, Butler, Ministry

A committee of the Privy Council was appointed in 1839 to supervise the distribution of certain government grants in the education field. The members of the committee were the Lord President of the Council, the Secretaries of State, the First Lord of the Treasury, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. From 1857 a vice-president was appointed who took responsibility for policy.

On 1 April 1900, the Board of Education Act 1899 abolished the committee and instituted a new board, headed by a president. The members were initially very similar to the old committee and the president of the board was the Lord President of the Council; however, from 1902 this ceased to be the case and the president of the board was appointed separately (although the Marquess of Londonderry happened to hold both jobs from 1903 to 1905).

The Education Act 1944 replaced the Board of Education with a new Ministry of Education.

Teacher Training - 1899-1951 ..

School in the 40s.

‘Experimental’ secondary modern education in Britain, 1948–1958.

Education: Historical statistics (pdf).

Education - Council, Board, Butler, Ministry ..

Education, Training, Universities - post-WW1 ..

Teacher Training - 1899-1951 ..

Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education 5 February 1857 - 8 August 1902

President of the Board of Education 3 March 1900 - 3 August 1944

Minister of Education 3 August 1944 - 1 April 1964

Secretary of State for Education and Science 1 April 1964 - 10 April 1992

Secretary of State for Education 10 April 1992 - 5 July 1995

Secretary of State for Education and Employment 5 July 1995 - 8 June 2001

Secretary of State for Education and Skills 8 June 2001 - 27 June 2007

Secretaries of State for Children, Schools and Families; and Innovation, Universities and Skills 28 June 2007 - 11 May 2010

Secretary of State for Education 11 May 2010 - present

President of the Board of Education

The Earl Stanhope

28 May 1937 - 27 October 1938 1 year, 4 months and 29 days Conservative .

The Earl De La Warr

27 October 1938 - 3 April 1940 1 year, 5 months and 7 days National Labour .

Herwald Ramsbotham

3 April 1940 20 - July 1941 1 year, 3 months and 17 days Conservative

R. A. Butler

20 July 1941 3 August 1944 3 years and 14 days (Cont. below) Conservative

Minister of Education

R. A. Butler		3 August 1944	25 May 1945	9 months and 22 days (Cont. from above)	Conservative		Winston Churchill (War Coalition)
	Richard Law		25 May 1945	26 July 1945	2 months and 1 day		Conservative	Winston Churchill (Caretaker Min.)
	Ellen Wilkinson		3 August 1945	6 February 1947 (died in office)	1 year, 6 months and 3 days	Labour		Clement Attlee
	George Tomlinson		10 February 1947	26 October 1951	4 years, 8 months and 16 days	Labour		Clement Attlee
	Florence Horsbrugh		2 November 1951	18 October 1954	2 years, 11 months and 16 days	Conservative