1919-2-11 Ebert, 1st President of Weimar Republic

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1919-2-11: Friedrich Ebert: First President of German Weimar Republic - HiPo > .

On 11 February 1919 Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) was
elected as the first President of the German Weimar Republic. Ebert was a pivotal figure in the German Revolution of 1918–19.

The Presidential election unfolded against a backdrop of political upheaval. Germany was grappling with the complex consequences of defeat in the war, the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the establishment of a democratic government. Ebert, a moderate socialist, emerged as a central figure in shaping the trajectory of the young republic after being made chancellor in November 1918.

Ebert’s election to the position of President was not without challenges in a country plagued by political unrest and the rise of radical factions. In January 1919 year the Spartacist Uprising, led by the Communists Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, posed a significant threat to the stability of the new government before it was violently crushed by the right-wing Freikorps.

Just a few weeks later the Weimar National Constitutional Assembly convened in the city of Weimar and, on 11 February, elected Ebert as provisional Reich president. Although committed to democratic principles, the Weimar Republic and its new President faced persistent challenges from both the left and the right amidst the daunting task of guiding Germany through economic turmoil, political polarization, and the drafting of a new constitution.

 
Ebert’s leadership was not without controversy. The signing of the Treaty of Versailles at the end of June, which imposed harsh terms on Germany, stirred popular resentment. Meanwhile he used his wide-ranging emergency powers under Article 48 of the constitution to suppress uprisings that represented the seeds of political instability that eventually led to the republic’s downfall.

1919-2-11 Ebert, 1st President of Weimar Republic ..

1919-6-28 Versailles Treaty .. 

1919-7-31 Weimar Republic ..

1919-9-10 - Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye ..  

1919-11-27 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine .. 

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1920-1-19 ACLU foundation ..

1920-6-4 Treaty of Trianon .. 

1920-8-10 Treaty of Sèvres ..  

Prohibition, USA - 1920 - 1933 ..

1920-1-19 ACLU foundation

.19th January 1920: Foundation of the American Civil Liberties Union - HiPo > .

In the aftermath of the First World War, fear of far-left extremism saw the United States enter a period of reactionary politics. Concerned that the increasingly powerful trade unions might attempt to replicate the Russian Revolution of 1917, and spurred on by fear of the anarchist bombings that were becoming more common, the Department of Justice under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer began conducting raids against suspected leftists.

The Palmer Raids saw the arrest of around 3,000 people, a number of whom experienced unconstitutional and illegal actions against them that included entrapment, arrest without a warrant, and detention in often terrible conditions. In direct response to these violations a group of prominent individuals that included Roger Baldwin of the National Civil Liberties Bureau, Crystal Eastman, and Helen Keller created the American Civil Liberties Union with the expressed objective to ‘defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person by the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution and laws of the United States’.

Formally established on 19 January 1920, the ACLU came to national prominence as a result of 1925’s ‘Monkey Trial’ in which it financed a legal challenge to Tennessee’s newly-signed Butler Act, which prohibited teachers in state-funded schools from teaching human evolution. Although the 24-year-old defendant, substitute science teacher John T. Scopes, lost the case it propelled the ACLU into the public eye. The organization now boasts more than 1.2 million members and continues to provide legal support where individual rights and liberties are threatened.

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1921-7-29 Hitler Führer of NSDAP ..

1921-7-29 Hitler Führer of NSDAP

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1929-7-21 Adolf Hitler Becomes Führer of the Nazi Party - tgw 1921 > .

30th January 1933: Adolf Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany - HiPo > .

2nd August 1934: Hitler becomes Führer following Hindenburg's death - HiPo > .

24-6-17 Life Under Adolf Hitler: The First Years Of Nazi Germany - War Stories > .

23-7-17 Nazis: A Warning from History | BBC Select > .

22-10-6 Rise of Hitler, 1930s, Invasion of Poland | WWII. E 2 (subs) - Katz > .

22-10-3 Comparing Pootin to Hitler | Dream of the Great Past (subs) - Katz > .

Rise of the Nazis - doc | BBC Select > .

Adolf Hitler and the small Nazi party are on the rise thanks to Hitler's public speaking talent. But not everyone in the party is in line with his vision for the future. In the end Hitler prevails and becomes Führer of the NSDAP. At the same time the SA is founded and Matthias Erzberger is assassinated by Organisation Consul.

 
Bruppacher, Paul: Adolf Hitler und die Geschichte der NSDAP. Teil 1: 1889 bis 1937. 2009.
Fest, Joachim: Hitler. Eine Biographie. 1973.
Ullrich, Volker: Adolf Hitler. Band 1: Die Jahre des Aufstiegs 1889-1939. 2013.
Weber, Thomas: Becoming Hitler. The making of a Nazi. 2017.
Hitler, Adolf. Speech of April 12, 1921: https://history.hanover.edu/courses/e... .