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2001 Invasion of Afghanistan > .
Male ignorance is difficult to eradicate: Afghanistan: why Taliban can't be defeated > .
2001 Invasion of Afghanistan > .
Male ignorance is difficult to eradicate: Afghanistan: why Taliban can't be defeated > .
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SA-T Soviet–Afghan War ⇒ Taliban ..
The Soviet–Afghan War was a conflict wherein insurgent groups known collectively as the mujahideen, as well as smaller Maoist groups, fought a guerrilla war against the Soviet Army and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan government. It was fought over nine years, from December 1979 to February 1989, mostly in the Afghan countryside. The mujahideen groups were backed primarily by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, making it a Cold War proxy war. Between 562,000 and 2,000,000 civilians were killed and millions of Afghans fled the country as refugees, mostly to Pakistan and Iran.
The war derives from a 1978 coup when Afghanistan's communist party took power, initiating a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country. These reforms were deeply unpopular among the more traditional rural population and established power structures. The repressive nature of Soviet Afghanistan, which vigorously suppressed opposition including the execution of thousands of political prisoners, led to the rise of anti-government armed groups and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion. The ruling party itself experienced deep rivalries, and in September 1979 the President, Nur Mohammad Taraki, was murdered under orders of the second-in-command, Hafizullah Amin, which soured relations with the Soviet Union. Eventually the Soviet government, under leader Leonid Brezhnev, decided to deploy the 40th Army on December 24, 1979. Arriving in the capital Kabul, they staged a coup, killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from a rival faction.[42] The deployment had been variously called an "invasion" (by Western media and the rebels) or a legitimate supporting intervention (by the Soviet Union and the Afghan government) on the basis of the Brezhnev Doctrine.
The war derives from a 1978 coup when Afghanistan's communist party took power, initiating a series of radical modernization reforms throughout the country. These reforms were deeply unpopular among the more traditional rural population and established power structures. The repressive nature of Soviet Afghanistan, which vigorously suppressed opposition including the execution of thousands of political prisoners, led to the rise of anti-government armed groups and by April 1979 large parts of the country were in open rebellion. The ruling party itself experienced deep rivalries, and in September 1979 the President, Nur Mohammad Taraki, was murdered under orders of the second-in-command, Hafizullah Amin, which soured relations with the Soviet Union. Eventually the Soviet government, under leader Leonid Brezhnev, decided to deploy the 40th Army on December 24, 1979. Arriving in the capital Kabul, they staged a coup, killing president Amin and installing Soviet loyalist Babrak Karmal from a rival faction.[42] The deployment had been variously called an "invasion" (by Western media and the rebels) or a legitimate supporting intervention (by the Soviet Union and the Afghan government) on the basis of the Brezhnev Doctrine.
Several other government buildings were seized during the operation, including the Ministry of Interior building, the Internal Security (KHAD) building, and the General Staff building (Darul Aman Palace). Alpha Group veterans call this operation one of the most successful in the group's history. Russian documents released during the 1990s show that the Soviet leadership believed Amin had secret contacts with the U.S. embassy and "was capable of reaching an agreement with the United States". However, allegations of Amin colluding with the U.S. have been widely discredited.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Storm-333 .
The Islamic State – Khorasan Province is an affiliate of the Islamic State militant group active in South Asia and Central Asia. ISIS–K has been active in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, where they claimed attacks. While both Islamists, ISIS–K and the Taliban consider each other enemies.
The group was created in January 2015 by disaffected Taliban in eastern Afghanistan, although its membership includes individuals from various countries, notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. Its initial leaders, Hafiz Saeed Khan and Abdul Rauf Aliza, were killed by U.S. forces in July 2016 and February 2015, respectively. Subsequent leaders have also been killed; its leader Abdullah Orokzai was captured in April 2020 by Afghanistan's former intelligence service, the National Directorate of Security. ISIS–K has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians, primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In July 2018, ISIS–K bombings killed 149 at election rallies in Mastung and Bannu, Pakistan. In May 2021, an ISIS–K bombing at a school killed 90 in Kabul. In August 2021, ISIS–K killed at least 169 Afghans and 13 American military personnel during the U.S. evacuation of Kabul, which marked the highest number of U.S. military deaths in an attack in Afghanistan since 2011. In July 2023, ISIS–K killed 63 at a Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) rally in Khar, Bajaur, Pakistan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War .
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan-1979-1989/100786/ .
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/08/the-soviet-war-in-afghanistan-1979-1989/100786/ .
The group was created in January 2015 by disaffected Taliban in eastern Afghanistan, although its membership includes individuals from various countries, notably Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, and Myanmar. Its initial leaders, Hafiz Saeed Khan and Abdul Rauf Aliza, were killed by U.S. forces in July 2016 and February 2015, respectively. Subsequent leaders have also been killed; its leader Abdullah Orokzai was captured in April 2020 by Afghanistan's former intelligence service, the National Directorate of Security. ISIS–K has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians, primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In July 2018, ISIS–K bombings killed 149 at election rallies in Mastung and Bannu, Pakistan. In May 2021, an ISIS–K bombing at a school killed 90 in Kabul. In August 2021, ISIS–K killed at least 169 Afghans and 13 American military personnel during the U.S. evacuation of Kabul, which marked the highest number of U.S. military deaths in an attack in Afghanistan since 2011. In July 2023, ISIS–K killed 63 at a Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) rally in Khar, Bajaur, Pakistan.
