Basic Science - Timeline

https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/building-periodic-table/

Timelines of Agriculture, Biology, Chemistry, Invention, Medicine
Timeline of Chemistry

1827
William Prout classifies biomolecules into their modern groupings: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

1855
Benjamin Silliman, Jr. pioneers methods of petroleum cracking, which makes the entire modern petrochemical industry possible.

1856
William Henry Perkin synthesizes Perkin's mauve, the first synthetic dye. Created as an accidental byproduct of an attempt to create quinine from coal tar. This discovery is the foundation of the dye synthesis industry, one of the earliest successful chemical industries.

1857
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds.

1859–1860
Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen lay the foundations of spectroscopy as a means of chemical analysis, which lead them to the discovery of caesium and rubidium. Other workers soon used the same technique to discover indium, thallium, and helium.

1862
Alexander Parkes exhibits Parkesine, one of the earliest synthetic polymers, at the International Exhibition in London. This discovery formed the foundation of the modern plastics industry.

1865
Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz, based partially on the work of Loschmidt and others, establishes structure of benzene as a six carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds.

1865
Adolf von Baeyer begins work on indigo dye, a milestone in modern industrial organic chemistry which revolutionizes the dye industry.

Mendeleev's 1869 Periodic table
1869
Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the first modern periodic table, with the 66 known elements organized by atomic weights. The strength of his table was its ability to accurately predict the properties of as-yet unknown elements.

1883
Svante Arrhenius develops ion theory to explain conductivity in electrolytes.

1884
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff publishes Études de Dynamique chimique, a seminal study on chemical kinetics.

1884
Hermann Emil Fischer proposes structure of purine, a key structure in many biomolecules, which he later synthesized in 1898. Also begins work on the chemistry of glucose and related sugars.


1897
J. J. Thomson discovers the electron using the cathode ray tube.

1898
Wilhelm Wien demonstrates that canal rays (streams of positive ions) can be deflected by magnetic fields, and that the amount of deflection is proportional to the mass-to-charge ratio. This discovery would lead to the analytical technique known as mass spectrometry.

1898
Maria Sklodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie isolate radium and polonium from pitchblende.

c. 1900
Ernest Rutherford discovers the source of radioactivity as decaying atoms; coins terms for various types of radiation.

1905
Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch develop the Haber process for making ammonia from its elements, a milestone in industrial chemistry with deep consequences in agriculture.

1905
Albert Einstein explains Brownian motion in a way that definitively proves atomic theory.

1907
Leo Hendrik Baekeland invents bakelite, one of the first commercially successful plastics.

Quantum chemistry & chemical thermodynamics

1915-4-22 Chlorine gas, 2nd Battle of Ypres ..

1935
Wallace Carothers leads a team of chemists at DuPont who invent nylon, one of the most commercially successful synthetic polymers in history.
How Nylon Was Discovered - Ri > .

1937
Eugene Houdry develops a method of industrial scale catalytic cracking of petroleum, leading to the development of the first modern oil refinery.

1939
Linus Pauling publishes The Nature of the Chemical Bond, a compilation of a decades worth of work on chemical bonding. It is one of the most important modern chemical texts. It explains hybridization theory, covalent bonding and ionic bonding as explained through electronegativity, and resonance as a means to explain, among other things, the structure of benzene.

Nuclear weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry

.Vulcanized Rubber discovered purely by accident - 2 bit > . skip ad > .

NEOPRENE & NYLON
In 1931, DuPont started to manufacture neoprene, a synthetic rubber created by Carothers' lab. The research team then turned their efforts towards a synthetic fiber that could replace silk. Japan was the United States' main source of silk, and trade relations between the two countries were breaking apart.


By 1934, Wallace Carothers had made significant steps toward creating a synthetic silk by combining the chemicals amine, hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid to create a new fiber formed by the polymerizing process and known as a condensation reaction. In a condensation reaction, individual molecules join with water as a byproduct.

Wallace Carothers refined the process (since the water produced by the reaction was dripping back into the mixture and weakening the fibers) by adjusting the equipment so that the water was distilled and removed from the process making for stronger fibers.
https://www.thoughtco.com/wallace-carothers-history-of-nylon-1992197

1953 - Polio - Salk (killed vaccine) 1953 →

Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
Timelines of Agriculture, Biology, Chemistry, Invention, Medicine

Timeline of Synthetic Fiber

How Nylon Was Discovered - Ri > . 

Timeline of Manmade Fibers

By 1910 Camille and Henry Dreyfus were making acetate motion picture film and toilet articles in Basel, Switzerland. During World War I, they built a plant in England to produce cellulose acetate dope for airplane wings and other commercial products. Upon entering the War, the United States government invited the Dreyfus brothers to build a plant in Maryland to make the product for American warplanes.

1924 First commercial textile uses for acetate in fiber form were developed by the Celanese Company.

Mid-1920's Textile manufacturers could purchase the rayon and acetate fibers for half the price of raw silk, and so began manufactured fibers' gradual conquest of the American fiber market. This modest start in the 1920's grew to nearly 70% of the national market for fiber by the last decade of the century.

1931 American chemist Wallace Carothers reported on research carried out in the laboratories of the DuPont Company on “giant” molecules called polymers. He focused his work on a fiber referred to simply as “66,” a number derived from its molecular structure. Nylon, the “miracle fiber,” was born. The Chemical Heritage Foundation is currently featuring an exhibit on the history of nylon.

1938 Paul Schlack of the I.G. Farben Company in Germany, polymerized caprolactam and created a different form of the polymer, identified simply as nylon “6.” Nylon's advent created a revolution in the fiber industry. Rayon and acetate had been derived from plant cellulose, but nylon was synthesized completely from petrochemicals. It established the basis for the ensuing discovery of an entire new world of manufactured fibers.

1939 Vinyon was first produced in 1939 by American Viscose, now FMC Corporation.

1939 DuPont began commercial production of nylon. The first experimental testing used nylon as sewing thread, in parachute fabric, and in women's hosiery. Nylon stockings were shown in February 1939 at the San Francisco Exposition and the most exciting fashion innovation of the age was underway. American women had only a sampling of the beauty and durability of their first pairs of nylon hose when their romance with the new fabric was cut short when the United States entered World War II.

1941 The War Production Board allocated all production of nylon for military use. During the War, nylon replaced Asian silk in parachutes. It also found use in tires, tents, ropes, ponchos, and other military supplies, and even was used in the production of a high-grade paper for U.S. currency. At the outset of the War, cotton was king of fibers, accounting for more than 80% of all fibers used. Manufactured and wool fibers shared the remaining 20%.

August 1945 By the end of the war cotton stood at 75% of the fiber market. Manufactured fibers had risen to 15%. After the war, GI's came home,families were reunited, industrial America gathered its peacetime forces, and economic growth surged. The conversion of nylon production to civilian uses started and when the first small quantities of postwar nylon stockings were advertised, thousands of frenzied women lined up at New York department stores to buy. In the immediate post-war period, most nylon production was used to satisfy this enormous pent up demand for hosiery.

Late 1940's Nylon was also being used in carpeting and automobile upholstery. At the same time, three new generic manufactured fibers started production. Dow Badische Company (today, BASF Corporation) introduced metalized fibers; Union Carbide Corporation developed modacrylic fiber; and Hercules, Inc. added olefin fiber.

http://www.textileschool.com/articles/415/timeline-of-manmade-fibers .

http://www.decolish.com/bakelite.html .

Interactive Timeline WW1

Great War - Interactive WWI Timeline - world events of 1914 ‑ 1920 .

Links to Timelines

Timelines

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http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II

http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/ww2time.htm#blitz

Hx
http://ww2today.com/category/1939/1938-1939
http://ww2today.com/category/1939
http://ww2today.com/category/1940
http://ww2today.com/category/1941
http://ww2today.com/category/1942
http://ww2today.com/category/1943
http://ww2today.com/category/1944
http://ww2today.com/category/1945

Key Events
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ww2_summary_01.shtml

Home front preparations timeline
http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/homefront/preparations/timeline.htm

Timeline

1939

Hitler invades Poland on 1 September. Britain and France declare war on Germany two days later.
1940

Rationing starts in the UK.
German 'Blitzkrieg' overwhelms Belgium, Holland and France.
Churchill becomes Prime Minister of Britain.
British Expeditionary Force evacuated from Dunkirk.
British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to postpone invasion plans.
1941

Hitler begins Operation Barbarossa - the invasion of Russia.
The Blitz continues against Britain's major cities.
Allies take Tobruk in North Africa, and resist German attacks.
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, and the US enters the war.
1942

Germany suffers setbacks at Stalingrad and El Alamein.
Singapore falls to the Japanese in February - around 25,000 prisoners taken.
American naval victory at Battle of Midway, in June, marks turning point in Pacific War.
Mass murder of Jewish people at Auschwitz begins.
1943

Surrender at Stalingrad marks Germany's first major defeat.
Allied victory in North Africa enables invasion of Italy to be launched.
Italy surrenders, but Germany takes over the battle.
British and Indian forces fight Japanese in Burma.
1944

Allies land at Anzio and bomb monastery at Monte Cassino.
Soviet offensive gathers pace in Eastern Europe.
D Day: The Allied invasion of France. Paris is liberated in August.
Guam liberated by the US Okinawa, and Iwo Jima bombed.
1945

Auschwitz liberated by Soviet troops.
Russians reach Berlin: Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders on 7 May.
Truman becomes President of the US on Roosevelt's death, and Attlee replaces Churchill.
After atomic bombs are dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan surrenders on 14 August.
in
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/ .

Timeline of Medicine and Medical Technology

● History of Surgery & Medicine →

Medicine, Surgery timeline - 1800-WW2 ↠

1849-1-23 Elizabeth Blackwell, USA →

Timeline of medicine and medical technology

17th

1675 – Leeuwenhoek & Microscopy (1675) ↠

18th 

1700s – Apothecary - 18th C ➼ 

19th
1800 – Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
1803–1805 – Morphine was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant.
1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical gynecology.
1816 – Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope.
1827–1912 – Joseph Lister antiseptic surgery Father of modern surgery
1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human transfusion.
1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether.
1845 – John Hughes Bennett first describes leukemia as a blood disorder.
1846 – First painless surgery with general anesthetic.

1846  – Synthesis of GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate by Ascanio Sobrero.

1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever.
1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States.
1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia.
1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine.
1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work.
1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease.
1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah.

1878 – GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate used by William Murrell to alleviate angina pectoris and reduce blood pressure.

1879 – First vaccine for cholera.

1879 – William Murrell publishes (Lancet) findings on efficacy of GTN - Glyceryl Trinitrate in treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.

1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine.
1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine.
1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines.
1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging .
1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types
1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease
1903 – Willem Einthoven invents electrocardiography (ECG/EKG)
1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets
1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness
1907 – Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic)
1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method
1909 – First intrauterine device described by Richard Richter.
1910 – Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans
1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane
1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets
1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes
1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia

1922 - McCollum uses vitamin D against rickets > .
1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria
1926 – First vaccine for pertussis
1927 – First vaccine for tuberculosis
1927 – First vaccine for tetanus
1928 – Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
1929 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography
1930 - first successful sex reassignment surgery performed on lili Elbe in Dresden, Germany.
1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus
1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy
1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy
1935 – First vaccine for yellow fever
1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor
1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy
1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who improved but died due to a lack of Penicillin
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1943 – Willem J. Kolff build the first dialysis machine
1944 – Disposable catheter – David S. Sheridan .

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1950s – 1950s - Antidepressants →

1953 –  Polio - Salk (killed vaccine) 1953 →

1959 – Melrose heart-lung machine, artificial cardiac pace maker > .

1960-6-23 BCP - Oral Contraceptive (USA) →

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_medicine_and_medical_technology .

https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/culture-magazines/1930s-medicine-and-health-overview .