Commonwealth of Independent States
Friday, December 9, 2005
> Turkey >
Aegean
Black Sea
Bosporus
23-9-23 How Erdoğan's Turkey is Rebuilding the Ottoman Empire - Real > .
Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Dardanelles) - Geopoliticus > .
Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Dardanelles) - Geopoliticus > .
Caspian Sea
Cyprus
Erdoğan
Geography of Turkey
Geopolitical Ambitions - Turkey
History of Turkey
Intermarium
Istanbul Canal
23-9-23 How Erdoğan's Turkey is Rebuilding the Ottoman Empire - Real > .
MENA
Turkey-Asia
Turkey-Black Sea
Turkey-Caucasus
Turkey-Central Asia
Turkey-Europe
Turkey- Greece
Turkey-Kurds
Turkey-Middle East
Turkish Economy
Turkish Military & NATO
> Turkmenistan >
.
24-4-30 Turkmeninstan - Central Asia's North Korea - Casual Scholar > . skip > .24-6-21 [Aghanistan Conflicts: Tribalism, Water Conflict, Georivalry] - Real > .
23-2-22 Turkmenistan: World’s Strangest Dictatorship | Fake Image - Ilya > .
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city. It is one of the six independent Turkic states. With a population of 6.5 million, Turkmenistan is the 35th most-populous country in Asia and has the lowest population of the Central Asian republics while being one of the most sparsely populated nations on the Asian continent.
Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The country is widely criticized for its poor human rights, its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy/Türkmenbaşı or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (he had been vice-president and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair, and now shares power with his father.
Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. From 1993 to 2019, citizens received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, the Türksoy community and a member of the United Nations.
22-1-6 Turkmenistan: the North Korea of Central Asia - Nova Lectio > .
21-9-28 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan is the World's Most Expensive City - Half > .
21-9-28 Ashgabat, Turkmenistan is the World's Most Expensive City - Half > .
After over a century of being a part of the Russian Empire and then the Soviet Union (including 67 years as a union republic), Turkmenistan declared its independence on 27 October 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Saparmurat Niyazov, a former official of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR, until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country as President after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 28 December 1999, Niyazov was declared President for Life of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. No opposition candidates were allowed.
The former Communist Party, now known as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, is the dominant party. The second party, the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, was established in August 2012, and an agrarian party appeared two years later. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned.
Since the December 2006 death of Niyazov, Turkmenistan's leadership has made tentative moves to open up the country. His successor, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, repealed some of Niyazov's most idiosyncratic policies, including banning operas and circuses for being "insufficiently Turkmen", though other such rules were later put into place such as the banning of non-white cars. In education, Berdimuhamedow's government increased basic education to ten years from nine years, and higher education was extended from four years to five. Berdimuhamedow was succeeded by his son Serdar in 2022.
Saparmurat Niyazov, a former official of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR, until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country as President after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 28 December 1999, Niyazov was declared President for Life of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. No opposition candidates were allowed.
The former Communist Party, now known as the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, is the dominant party. The second party, the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, was established in August 2012, and an agrarian party appeared two years later. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned.
Since the December 2006 death of Niyazov, Turkmenistan's leadership has made tentative moves to open up the country. His successor, President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, repealed some of Niyazov's most idiosyncratic policies, including banning operas and circuses for being "insufficiently Turkmen", though other such rules were later put into place such as the banning of non-white cars. In education, Berdimuhamedow's government increased basic education to ten years from nine years, and higher education was extended from four years to five. Berdimuhamedow was succeeded by his son Serdar in 2022.
The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a presidential republic, with the President both head of state and head of government. Under Niyazov, Turkmenistan had a one-party system; however, in September 2008, the People's Council unanimously passed a resolution adopting a new Constitution. The latter resulted in the abolition of the council and a significant increase in the size of Parliament in December 2008 and also permits the formation of multiple political parties.
In 2013, the first multi-party parliamentary elections were held in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan was a one-party state from 1991 to 2012; however, the 2013 elections were widely seen as rigged. In practice, all parties in parliament operate jointly under the direction of the DPT. There are no true opposition parties in the Turkmen parliament.
Turkmenistan has long served as a thoroughfare for several empires and cultures. Merv is one of the oldest oasis-cities in Central Asia, and was once among the biggest cities in the world. It was also one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by the Russian Empire in 1881, Turkmenistan figured prominently in the anti-Bolshevik movement in Central Asia. In 1925, Turkmenistan became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR); it became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
The country is widely criticized for its poor human rights, its treatment of minorities, and its lack of press and religious freedoms. Since the independence declared from the Soviet Union in 1991, Turkmenistan has been ruled by repressive totalitarian regimes: that of President for Life Saparmurat Niyazov (also known as Türkmenbaşy/Türkmenbaşı or "Head of the Turkmens") until his death in 2006; Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, who became president in 2007 after winning a non-democratic election (he had been vice-president and then acting president previously); and his son Serdar, who won a subsequent 2022 presidential election described by international observers as neither free nor fair, and now shares power with his father.
Turkmenistan possesses the world's fifth largest reserves of natural gas. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert. From 1993 to 2019, citizens received government-provided electricity, water and natural gas free of charge. Turkmenistan is an observer state in the Organisation of Turkic States, the Türksoy community and a member of the United Nations.
Monday, October 31, 2005
> > Ċold Ŵar 2 Geopolitics > >
Allies~X
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
23-10-20 Xina's PLAN Expansion vs USN's Hegemony - gtbt > . skip > .
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
23-9-27 Martin Wolf on Xina’s Economic Implosion & ‘Japan Trap’ - Update > .
> > Tensions > >> Anti-XIR >>
> Word Games - Geopolitical Manipulation >>
23-11-14 Israel, Islam & the New Cold War | Niall Ferguson - John Anderson > .
23-8-27 [Xinese Imperialism = $8T BRI Silk Road Game] | Epic > .
22-11-21 Cold War 2: US vs Xina; What's Next | Niall Ferguson | Ferriss > .
> Decoupling >>
> Elections 2024 >>
> FVEY - Five Eyes >>
23-8-25 [Xina's BRICS Manipulations] - Update > .
23-8-22 [Xina's BRICS Scam] - Update > .
23-9-28 Race for semiconductor supremacy | FT > .
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
> > Defense > > > Defenses >>
European MIC
> > Geography > >
> Hegemonic Readjustments >> > Hegemony >>
> > Governments > >
23-11-29 Mao 2.0: Rise of Xi Jinping - Vox > .
23-7-31 Ċold Ŵar 2: Biden placing spies & jets in Australia to deter Xina | Tim Cross > .
23-7-29 Taiwan: Japanese & US Moves | Update > .
23-7-7 USN not afraid of PLAN ... yet - nwyt > .
23-7-7 Would America Really Defend Taiwan? > . skip > .
23-4-23 Japanese Defence Strategy & Rearmament - ambitious plans - Perun > .
U.S. Alliances in the Western Pacific Archipelago | George Friedman > .
23-7-29 Taiwan: Japanese & US Moves | Update > .
23-7-7 USN not afraid of PLAN ... yet - nwyt > .
23-7-7 Would America Really Defend Taiwan? > . skip > .
23-4-23 Japanese Defence Strategy & Rearmament - ambitious plans - Perun > .
U.S. Alliances in the Western Pacific Archipelago | George Friedman > .
23-10-20 Xina's PLAN Expansion vs USN's Hegemony - gtbt > . skip > .
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
24-8-24 [XiR: US~Xina Ċold Ŵar?] - PolyMatter > .
War Economies
X Recruitment
Xi Purging
Monday, October 24, 2005
> Elections 2024 >
24-6-5 What Happens After the EU Elections - Into Europe > . 24-3-26 Explaining EU's Electoral System: Parties' Positions - Talk > .
24-5-30 Why Vote (June 6-9) - EU Made Simple > .
France
> Taiwan >> 2024 Taiwanese presidential election w ROC (Taiwan) presidential elections were held on 13 January 2024.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
