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●τ 1904

 1904-1908 Herero and Namaqua genocide ..

1904-8 Herero and Namaqua genocide

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The Herero and Namaqua genocide or the Herero and Nama genocide was the first genocide of the 20th century, waged by the German Empire against the Herero (Ovaherero), the Nama, and the San in German South West Africa (now Namibia). It occurred between 1904 and 1908.

In January 1904, the Herero people, who were led by Samuel Maharero, and the Nama people, who were led by Captain Hendrik Witbooi, rebelled against German colonial rule. On January 12, they massacred more than 100 German men in the area of Okahandja, though sparing women and children. In August, German General Lothar von Trotha defeated the Ovaherero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of dehydration. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans, only to suffer a similar fate.

Between 24,000 and 100,000 Hereros, 10,000 Nama and an unknown number of San died in the genocide. The first phase of the genocide was characterised by widespread death from starvation and dehydration, due to the prevention of the Herero from leaving the Namib desert by German forces. Once defeated, thousands of Hereros and Namas were imprisoned in concentration camps, where the majority died of diseases, abuse, and exhaustion.

In 1985, the United Nations' Whitaker Report classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of South West Africa, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. In 2004, the German government recognised and apologised for the events, but ruled out financial compensation for the victims' descendants. In July 2015, the German government and the speaker of the Bundestag officially called the events a "genocide". However, it has refused to consider reparations. Despite this, the last batch of skulls and other remains of slaughtered tribesmen which were taken to Germany to promote racial superiority were taken back to Namibia in 2018, with Petra Bosse-Huber, a German Protestant bishop, describing the event as "the first genocide of the 20th century".

●τ 1905

1905-1-22 Bloody Sunday Massacre ..

1905-6-27 Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin ..

1905-6-27 Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin

1905-6-27 Mutiny on board the Russian battleship Potemkin - HiPo > .

20th Century History (1900-1909) - HiPo >> .

▲ Ukraine History ➧

On 27 June 1905 the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutinied in an uprising that was immortalised in Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 silent film of the same name.

Potemkin entered service in early 1905 after her gun turrets were fitted, and therefore did not take part in the disastrous Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Instead, by the end of June she was off the coast of Ukraine completing manoeuvres. It was here that rotten meat allegedly containing maggots was brought on board to feed the crew. Dissatisfied with the ship’s doctor’s opinion that the meat was fit for human consumption, the crew complained to the captain.

The ship’s second in command, Commander Ippolit Gilyarovsky, confronted the sailor’s delegation and killed spokesman Grigory Vakulenchuk. This triggered the mutiny, in which seven of the ship’s eighteen officers including Giliarovsky and the Captain were killed. The crew chose quartermaster Afanasi Matushenko to take control.

Having hoisted the red flag, Potemkin set sail for Odessa where a general strike was underway. Here the crew brought the body of the revolutionary spokesman Vakulenchuk ashore and laid it on the Odessa Steps where it acted as a focal point for locals to show their support for the sailors. However, by the evening the authorities received orders from the Tsar to take firm action. Estimates say that up to 2,000 civilians were killed.

Potemkin left Odessa the next day and sailed for Constanța in Romania. The ship was surrendered to the Romanian authorities in return for the sailors receiving safe passage. Potemkin was later returned to the Russian navy and was renamed Panteleimon.