Apartheid

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Why South Africa is still so segregated - Vox > .

22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .

Centuries of division built one of the most unequal countries on earth. For decades, South Africa was under apartheid: a series of laws that divided people by race. Then, in the 1990s, those laws were dismantled. But many of the barriers they created continue to divide South Africans by skin color - which in turn determines their quality of life, access to jobs, and wealth. Racial division was built into the fabric of cities throughout South Africa, and it still hasn't been uprooted.

That's partly because, while apartheid was the culmination of South Africa's racial divisions, it wasn't the beginning of them. That story starts closer to the 1800s, when the British built a network of railroads that transformed the region's economy into one that excluded most Black people -- and then made that exclusion the law.

The railroads and how they impacted Cape Colony’s economy, paper by Johan Fourie and Alonso Herranz Loncan:
https://academic.oup.com/ereh/article... .
​ Segregation in South Africa’s major urban centers - segregation and inequality:
https://www.seri-sa.org/images/SERI_E... .
​ Post-Apartheid cities, paper by Edgar Pieterse (featured in the video):
https://www.africancentreforcities.ne...​ .
History and legacy of District Six, District Six Museum website:
https://www.districtsix.co.za/ .​

Belt & Road - Africa

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21-2-17 Europe’s Belt and Road corridors into Africa - CaRe > .

24-8-23 [What Are Xina and Ruscia Doing in Africa?] || Peter Zeihan > .

24-4-25 Lobito/Tazara Corridors: US~Xina vie for African minerals - Caspian > .

24-2-27 MIT Study Reveals Why Africa Is Still Poor - EcEx > .

23-12-2 Xina’s Real Impact on Africa - Attempted Thought > .

23-11-12 [They'll Be Sorry!]: Xina And Russia Push West Out of Africa - gtbt > .

23-10-21 [Bilk & Raid Imperialism 1: Xina Wants NoXious World Order] - Update > .  

23-10-22 [Bilk & Raid Imperialism 2: Xi+P00 NoXious Arab Plans ] - Update > .   

23-9-30 US vs Xina in Race to Secure Lithium | WSJ > .

23-9-7 Kidnappings, ghost towns: 10 years of Xi’s BRI masterplan | Tele > .

23-8-27 [Xinese Imperialism = $8T BRI Silk Road Game] | Epic > .

23-3-8 Xina Vying For Zimbabwe’s Lithium Industry - CNBC > .

22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .

22-10-9 How Rwanda Plans to become Insanely Rich - Casual Scholar > .

22-8-31 Shocking Xinese Mercenary Groups Around the World - T&P > .
22-7-31 How PGII & IPEF could checkmate BRI - CaspianReport > .

22-3-18 "Myth" of the Xinese Debt Trap in Africa - Bloomberg > .

2018 Xina's trillion dollar plan to dominate global trade - Vox > .

2021 Geoff Raby | Former Australian Ambassador To Xina On Australia > .

2021 Xina's weakness, the Malacca dilemma - Kamome > .

2021 Xina’s Western Border Problem (BRI) | Daniel Markey - geopop > .

2021 Economic & Military Implications of Xina's BRI (Kevin Rudd) - Asia Society > .

2021 India's challenges, Indian ocean region, border disputes with Xina - Amit > .

21-9-30 Understanding Xina c Kevin Rudd - Bridgewater > .

2021 Is Xina using Debt to Control Africa? - VisPol > .

Why Xina Has >150K State Owned Enterprises - EcAltS > .

The Xina-Pakistan Economic Corridor [CPEC, BRI] - ARgs > .

Xina's String of Pearls [BRI, Indo-Pacific] - ARgs > .

> African Economies >> > Africa >>  > Africa~ >>  

24-3-25 Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso to form a confederation - Caspian > .

24-3-23 Islamist Terrorists, French, Ruscians - Proxy Insurgencies in Africa - Real > .

> BRI >> >> BRICS >>>

Geostrategic Projection - Indo-Pacific - Compass Rose >> .

BRI - Outward Bound - Rap >> .

> Sudan >>

24-8-13 'Killing People for Nothing:’ Sudan’s Forgotten Civil War | WSJ > .

24-7-26 [Sudan Collapsing: Al-Bashir Overthrown ⇉ Warring Warlords] - Cogito > .

24-4-16 Sudan: the Proxy War the World is Ignoring - Waro > .

Africa's Challenging Geography ..

BRI - Belt & Road Initiative ..

Trans African Highway ..

Warlord Geocorruption ..

Xiocolonialism ..

[Wage slavery is moving to Africa, as European corporations export European jobs.] 

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) -- not to be confused with African Free Trade Zone -- is a free trade area founded in 2018, with trade commencing as of 1 January 2021. It was created by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement among 54 of the 55 African Union nations. The free-trade area is the largest in the world in terms of the number of participating countries since the formation of the World Trade Organization. Accra, Ghana serves as the Secretariat of AfCFTA and was commissioned and handed over to the AU by the President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo on August 17, 2020 in Accra.

The agreement was brokered by the African Union (AU) and was signed on by 44 of its 55 member states in Kigali, Rwanda on March 21, 2018. The agreement initially requires members to remove tariffs from 90% of goods, allowing free access to commodities, goods, and services across the continent. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimates that the agreement will boost intra-African trade by 52 percent by 2022. The proposal was set to come into force 30 days after ratification by 22 of the signatory states. On April 2, 2019, The Gambia became the 22nd state to ratify the agreement, and on April 29 the Saharawi Republic made the 22nd deposit of instruments of ratification; the agreement went into force on May 30 and entered its operational phase following a summit on July 7, 2019.

The general objectives of the agreement are to:

• create a single market, deepening the economic integration of the continent
• establish a liberalised market through multiple rounds of negotiations
• aid the movement of capital and people, facilitating investment
• move towards the establishment of a future continental customs union
• achieve sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development, gender equality and structural transformations within member states
• enhance competitiveness of member states within Africa and in the global market
• encourage industrial development through diversification and regional value chain development, agricultural development and food security
• resolve challenges of multiple and overlapping memberships

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area .

https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/trade/publication/the-african-continental-free-trade-area .

https://au.int/en/cfta . 

EAF - East Africa Federation Proposal

[Monetary union of cooperative crooked warlords?]

22-10-9 How Rwanda Plans to become Insanely Rich - Casual Scholar > .

24-3-25 Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso to form a confederation - Caspian > .

22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .

22-3-18 "Myth" of the Chinese Debt Trap in Africa - Bloomberg > .

The East African Federation (Swahili: Shirikisho la Afrika Mashariki) is a proposed political union of the six sovereign states of the East African Community – Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda – as a single federated sovereign state. In September 2018, a committee was formed to begin the process of drafting a regional constitution, and a draft constitution for the confederation is set to be written by the end of 2021, with its implementation by 2023.

At 2,467,202 km2 (952,592 sq mi), the East African Federation (EAF) would be the largest country in Africa and 10th-largest in the world. With a population of 183,625,246 as of 2019, it would also be the second most populous nation in Africa (after Nigeria) and eighth in the world. Its population would be greater than that of Russia, Japan and Mexico, and roughly half that of the United States.

Swahili has been proposed as an official lingua franca. Dar es Salaam would be the most populous city in the proposed federation, by city limits, and Nairobi would have the most populous metropolitan area. The proposed capital is Arusha, a city in Tanzania close to the Kenyan border, which is also the current headquarters of the East African Community.

The union's proposed currency would be the East African shilling, which according to a 2013 published report is slated to become the common currency of five of the six member countries by 2023. The GDP (PPP) estimate would be US602.584 billion and be the 34th largest in the world and the fourth largest in Africa, following Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa. The GDP (PPP) per capita estimate is 3,286 USD, putting the East African Federation at 156th in the world.

Egyptian Geoeconomics

22-6-18 Geography made Egypt powerful. Can it again? > .

24-6-6 Egypt is a Ticking Time Bomb - gtbt > . skip > .

22-9-8 Real reason Egypt is moving its capital - Vox > .

2021 Egyptian Geography, Agriculture, Economics - Zeihan - geopop > .

2021 Is China using Debt to Control Africa? - VisPol > .

22-9-27 Most Unbelievable Things the CIA Has Done - Side > .

Canal of the Pharaohs - Ancient Suez Canal ➧
Egypt-Ethiopia Tensions over Renaissance Dam ↬

Egyptian Nile - 1925 ..

Warlord Geocorruption ..

22-6-18 Geography made Egypt powerful. Can it again? > .

Egyptian Nile - 1925

.Daily Life in Egypt: Ancient and Modern, 1925 - Met > .

Why Egypt’s Geography Might Be Too Good For its Own Good - KhAnubis > .

African Conflicts - PrTe >> .

Modern Egypt is a country of nearly one hundred million people, who live in densely populated cities like Cairo as well as towns and villages. A century ago, when this film was made, the population was much smaller, and to Western visitors the way of life along the Nile River appeared to resemble that of Pharaonic Egypt. Certain agricultural practices, and some festival traditions, seemed connected to the ancient past, echoing scenes decorating tombs from 3,500 years before.