Saturday, October 24, 2015
Friday, October 23, 2015
Firefighting in 18th-Century
Wednesday, October 21, 2015
Highland Clearances, 1750+
The Highland Clearances (Fuadaichean nan Gàidheal, the "eviction of the Gaels") were the evictions of a significant number of tenants in the Scottish Highlands and Islands, mostly in the period 1750 to 1860.
In the first phase, clearance resulted from agricultural improvement, driven by the need for landlords to increase their income (many landlords had crippling debts, with bankruptcy playing a large part in the history). This involved the enclosure of the open fields managed on the run rig system and the shared grazing. Especially in the North and West of the region, these were usually replaced with large-scale pastoral farms stocked with sheep, on which much higher rents were paid, with the displaced tenants getting alternative tenancies in newly created crofting communities, where they were expected to be employed in industries such as fishing, quarrying or the kelp industry. The reduction in status from farmer to crofter was one of the causes of resentment from these changes.
The eviction of tenants went against dùthchas, the principle that clan members had an inalienable right to rent land in the clan territory. This was never recognised in Scottish law. It was gradually abandoned by clan chiefs as they began to think of themselves simply as commercial landlords, rather than as patriarchs of their people—a process that arguably started with the Statutes of Iona. The clan members continued to rely on dùthchas. This different viewpoint was an inevitable source of grievance. The actions of landlords varied. Some did try to delay or limit evictions, often to their financial cost. The Countess of Sutherland genuinely believed her plans were advantageous for those resettled in crofting communities and could not understand why tenants complained. A few landlords displayed complete lack of concern for evicted tenants.
In the first phase, clearance resulted from agricultural improvement, driven by the need for landlords to increase their income (many landlords had crippling debts, with bankruptcy playing a large part in the history). This involved the enclosure of the open fields managed on the run rig system and the shared grazing. Especially in the North and West of the region, these were usually replaced with large-scale pastoral farms stocked with sheep, on which much higher rents were paid, with the displaced tenants getting alternative tenancies in newly created crofting communities, where they were expected to be employed in industries such as fishing, quarrying or the kelp industry. The reduction in status from farmer to crofter was one of the causes of resentment from these changes.
The eviction of tenants went against dùthchas, the principle that clan members had an inalienable right to rent land in the clan territory. This was never recognised in Scottish law. It was gradually abandoned by clan chiefs as they began to think of themselves simply as commercial landlords, rather than as patriarchs of their people—a process that arguably started with the Statutes of Iona. The clan members continued to rely on dùthchas. This different viewpoint was an inevitable source of grievance. The actions of landlords varied. Some did try to delay or limit evictions, often to their financial cost. The Countess of Sutherland genuinely believed her plans were advantageous for those resettled in crofting communities and could not understand why tenants complained. A few landlords displayed complete lack of concern for evicted tenants.
Wednesday, September 30, 2015
Monday, August 31, 2015
●● Society
Addison Act of 1919 & interbellum building boom ..
Against Appeasing Sociopathy ⇻
Apathetic Disapproval (of P00) & Sociology of Mobs ⇻
Aussies, Brits vs "Yanks" (1942, pay, women, racism) ..
Barnstorming ..
Cole Porter ..
●● Home Front (wartime) ..
Barnstorming ..
BBC ..
DARVO →
Dystopian Denunciations - Counterespionage ..
Edelweiß Pirates ..
Prohibition, USA - 1920 - 1933 ..
Edelweiß Pirates ..
Fifth Column ..
Geishas ..
Generational Sociopolitics ..
Pied Piper ..Prohibition, USA - 1920 - 1933 ..
Publications .. Roaring 20s ..
Semiotics ..
Anocracy, Autocracy, >> Authoritarianism >>>
Apostasy
Circular Economy
Citizens, 21st
Nervous Neighbors (Preppers, Survival) ..Civilian, Military Kit
Culture Wars
Fifth Column ..
Economic Theory
Elitism
Ideological Warfare
Morale, PsyOps
Morale ..
Western and Soviet Literature post WW1 ..Morale ..
Social Progress
Social Regress
Survival, Emergency Preparedness
Systems of Government
Transportation, Services
Walls
Women
●● Women ..
- Χina
- Fifth Column ..
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
