20th+

The (Montreux) Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits, often known simply as the Montreux Convention, is an international agreement governing the Bosporus and Dardanelles Straits in Turkey. Signed on 20 July 1936 at the Montreux Palace in Switzerland, it went into effect on 9 November 1936, addressing the long running Straits Question over who should control the strategically vital link between the Black and Mediterranean seas.

The Montreux Convention regulates maritime traffic through the Turkish Straits. It guarantees "complete freedom" of passage for all civilian vessels in times of peace. In peacetime, military vessels are limited in number, tonnage and weaponry, with specific provisions governing their mode of entry and duration of stay. If they want to pass through the Strait, warships must provide advance notification to the Turkish authorities, which, in turn, must inform the parties to the convention. In wartime, if Turkey is not involved in the conflict, warships of the nations at war may not pass through the Straits, except when returning to their base. When Turkey is at war, or feels threatened by a war, it may take any decision about the passage of warships as it sees fit. The USA is not a signatory to the Convention.

While it was designed for a particular geopolitical context, and remains unchanged since its adoption, the Montreux Convention has endured as a "solid example of a rules-based international order", since most of its terms are still followed.

Sunday, December 15, 2013

North Sea

2021 Future of the North Sea - Into Europe > .

24-9-6 How the Atlantic Ocean made the modern world - Caspian > .

24-4-3 North Sea - Geography, History, Oil - FactSpark > . skip > .

24-2-7 Dodging Dutch Disease - Norway Becoming the Rich - Real > .

23-12-27 Britain turning the North Sea into a massive power plant - Caspian > .

22-9-27 Energy Crisis: Pain or Opportunity? - gtbt > .

22-7-21 Why Every NATO Member Joined (Why Others Haven't) - Spaniel > .

22-7-5 How Norway Became Insanely Rich - Dodging Oil Curse - Casual Scholar > .

22-3-26 Why Russia’s War Drove Up US Gas Prices - CNBC > .

22-3-10 Sweden's pro-NATO reaction to Russian aggression - Force Tech > .

What Exactly Are Maritime Borders? - KhAnubis > .

2021 The End of Oil, Explained | Vox + Netflix > .

22-3-1 Germany Re-Arming - F-35 Back? - mah > .

22-3-8 Russia’s Nightmare Comes True: Germany’s Military Is Back - Forces Tech > .

> Arctic >> >> Arctic >>>

24-7-16 (Failed) Race For The Arctic - gtbt > .

24-7-1 P00ti lost Ruscia's Arctic dominance to Xina & Baltic NATO forces | Forces > .

24-4-25 [Obstacles to Ruscian Arctic] Great Northern Sea Route || Zeihan > .

Geography +/- ~ Chink in Armor >> .

Oil - Curse - Penny Wyse >> .

> Oil & Gas >>

24-8-14 History & Geopolitics of Oil - gtbt > .

24-4-24 Can Other Countries Replicate US Shale Revolution? || Zeihan > .

Nordic Council ..

North Sea ..

Norway 2000s ..

Orkneys - Excess Power Production ↬

Sweden's NATO Question ..

Energy as Currency ..

Energy Geopolitics Eastern Mediterranean, 21st ..

Methane Ice - Seabed Extraction ..

Nordstream 2 Pipeline ↠

North Sea - Fisheries, Oil, Protection, Wind Farms ..

North Sea Wind Farms ↬

Oil Reserves - 21st ..

Petroleum - Oil's History ..

Shale & Natural Gas ↠

Stumbling Economy, Coal Shortage - CCP ..

The North Sea is turning into Europe’s largest power plant, with massive wind farms being built all across the North Sea. While oil and gas extraction and fishing have historically played a huge role in the region, their importance is set to be dwarfed by the creation of massive wind farms in the North Sea.

Denmark, Norway, the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany are set to build a series of wind farms that will change the way the North sea operates. The creation of energy islands and hubs will turn the region into a center for Europe’s energy transition.

The North Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Great Britain (specifically England and Scotland), Jutland (in Denmark), Norway, two States of Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Hauts-de-France (in France). An epeiric (or "shelf") sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the north. It is more than 970 kilometres (600 mi) long and 580 kilometres (360 mi) wide, covering 570,000 square kilometres (220,000 sq mi).

It has long hosted key north European shipping lanes as well as provided a major fishery. The coast is a popular destination for recreation and tourism in bordering countries, and more recently the sea has developed into a rich source of energy resources, including fossil fuels, wind, and early efforts in wave power.

Historically, the North Sea has featured prominently in geopolitical and military affairs, particularly in Northern Europe. It was also important globally through the power northern Europeans projected worldwide during much of the Middle Ages and into the modern era. The North Sea was the centre of the Vikings' rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Dutch Republic, and the British each sought to gain command of the North Sea and thus access to the world's markets and resources. As Germany's only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars.

The coast has diverse geology and geography. In the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark much of its Norwegian and Scottish coastlines respectively, whereas in the south, the coast consists mainly of sandy beaches, estuaries of long rivers and wide mudflats. Due to the dense population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it, there have been various environmental issues affecting the sea's ecosystems. Adverse environmental issues – commonly including overfishing, industrial and agricultural runoff, dredging, and dumping, among others – have led to a number of efforts to prevent degradation and to safeguard the long-term economic benefits.