20th+

A civil war is an intrastate war between organized groups within the same state (or country). A civil war is often a high-intensity conflict, often involving regular armed forces, that is sustained, organized and large-scale. Civil wars may result in large numbers of casualties and the consumption of significant resources. The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.

According to a 2017 review study of civil war research, there are three prominent explanations for civil war: greed-based explanations which center on individuals' desire to maximize their profits, grievance-based explanations which center on conflict as a response to socioeconomic or political injustice, and opportunity-based explanations which center on factors that make it easier to engage in violent mobilization.

Most modern civil wars involve intervention by outside powers: about two thirds of the 138 intrastate conflicts between the end of WW2 and 2000 saw international intervention. Civil wars since 1945 have lasted on average just over four years, a dramatic rise from the one-and-a-half-year average of the 1900–1944 period. While the rate of emergence of new civil wars has been relatively steady since the mid-19th century, the increasing length of those wars has resulted in increasing numbers of wars ongoing at any one time. For example, there were no more than five civil wars underway simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century while there were over 20 concurrent civil wars close to the end of the Cold War. Since 1945, civil wars have resulted in the deaths of over 25 million people, as well as the forced displacement of millions more. Civil wars have further resulted in economic collapse; Somalia, Burma (Myanmar), Uganda and Angola are examples of nations that were considered to have had promising futures before being engulfed in civil wars.

The term "civil war" is a calque of Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC.

24-12-19 Rebellion in Russia Far More Likely Than Thought - Warburg > .

24-12-8 Credible Commitment Problem: 13 Years, Quick, Assad Fled - Spaniel > .

24-12-7 Why Syria's civil war restarted - Caspian > . skip > .

24-12-3 Syrian Rebels Advance as Iran and Russia Abandon Assad - Preston > .

24-12-3 Ruscia already fleeing Syria? SDF brakes Alliance with Assad - M&H > .

24-12-3 Aleppo Has Fallen... | Warfronts > .

24-11-30 [Sociopathistan] Most dangerous place on Earth - Caspian > .

24-11-29 Inside Syria’s Civil War: Aleppo Offensive and Key Players - Preston > .

24-11-28 Syria to blow up again? - gtbt > .

24-10-31 The making of an anti-American global order - Caspian > .

23-12-8 WW1 ~~Created~~ Exacerbated Middle East Conflicts (Doc) - TGW > .

The Syrian civil war is/was an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors. In March 2011, popular discontent with the rule of Bashar al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring protests in the region. After months of crackdown by the government's security apparatus, various armed rebel groups such as the Free Syrian Army began forming across the country, marking the beginning of the Syrian insurgency. By mid-2012, the insurgency had escalated into a full-blown civil war.

On 27 November 2024, it was reported that in a sudden offensive in northwestern Syria, rebels seized 13 villages, including the strategic towns of Urm Al-Sughra and Anjara, as well as Base 46, the largest Syrian regime base in the region. .... On 8 December 2024, Bashar al-Assad was reported to have fled Damascus. This was followed by an announcement by the Syrian army command to officers that the Assad regime had ended. On the same day, Russia confirmed that Assad left Syria and stepped down.