Ice stupas can release millions of litres of water each year. They are built next to where water is needed most - on the outskirts of villages near fields. Ice stupas were invented in 2013 by Sonam Wangchuk, a prominent Indian engineer who also co-founded the Himalayan Institute of Alternatives - the organisation is primarily responsible for the development of the technology, alongside the Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh.
They are used for storing the wasted water as ice during the winter months, which then melts for use during the arid months. Pipes are initially buried under the ground, below the frost line, before the final section of the pipe then rises vertically. Due to the difference in height, temperature, and the gravitational force, pressure builds up in the pipe. The stream water eventually flows up and out from the pipe's raised tip like a fountain. The sub-zero air freezes the water to gradually form a pyramid-like structure.
"The Three Gorges Dam and the South-to-North Water Transfer Project are two of the Chinese Communist Party's major operational water resource projects. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam sparked heated debates among Chinese scholars in the 1980s and 1990s, but in 2000, the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, which is 2.5 times larger than the Three Gorges Project, was launched amidst a wave of silence. In fact, it’s an illusion created by the Chinese government. Even before the project is completed, it has shown that its potential damages are even worse than those of the Three Gorges Project."
The South–North Water Transfer Project, also translated as the South-to-North Water Diversion Project (pinyin: Nánshuǐ Běidiào Gōngchéng; lit. 'Project of diverting water in the South to the North') is a multi-decade infrastructuremega-project in China. Ultimately it aims to channel 44.8 billion cubic meters of fresh water annually from the Yangtze River in southern China to the more arid and industrialized north through three canal systems:
The Eastern Route through the course of the Grand Canal;
The Central Route from the upper reaches of Han River (a tributary of Yangtze River) via the Grand Aqueduct to Beijing and Tianjin;
Mao Zedong discussed the idea for a mass engineering project as an answer to China's water problems as early as 1952. He reportedly said, "there's plenty of water in the south, not much water in the north. If at all possible; borrowing some water would be good." The complete project was expected to cost $62 billion – more than twice as much as the Three Gorges Dam. By 2014, more than $79 billion had been spent, making it one of the most ambitious and expensive engineering projects in human history.