Friday, August 22, 2014

G7 - Eco-Geopolitics

G7 summit What is it about and who is part of the 'Group of Seven?' | USA T > .> EU >

The G7 or Group of Seven is an organization made up of world’s “most influential” and “advanced” economies. Every year, the leaders of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan gather to talk global affairs. But why seven countries and what does the group actually do?

The Group of Seven (G7) is an informal club of wealthy "liberal democracies" consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. The heads of government of the member states, as well as the representatives of the European Union, meet at the annual G7 Summit.

As of 2018, the G7 represents 58% of the global net wealth ($317 trillion), more than 46% of the global gross domestic product (GDP) based on nominal values, and more than 32% of the global GDP based on purchasing power parity. The seven countries involved are also the largest IMF-advanced economies in the world.

The concept of a forum for the world's major industrialized countries emerged before the 1973 oil crisis. On Sunday, 25 March 1973, the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, George Shultz, convened an informal gathering of finance ministers from West Germany (Helmut Schmidt), France (Valéry Giscard d'Estaing), and the United Kingdom (Anthony Barber) before an upcoming meeting in Washington, D.C. When running the idea past President Nixon, Nixon noted that he would be out of town and offered use of the White House. The meeting was subsequently held in the library on the ground floor. Taking their name from the setting, this original group of four became known as the "Library Group". In mid-1973, at the World Bank-IMF meetings, Shultz proposed the addition of Japan to the original four nations, who agreed. The informal gathering of senior financial officials from the United States, the United Kingdom, West Germany, Japan, and France became known as the "Group of Five".

In 1976, Pierre Trudeau, the Prime Minister of Canada, the next largest advanced economy after the first six, was invited to join the group and the group became the Group of Seven (G7). Since first invited by the United Kingdom in 1977, the European Union has been represented by the president of the European Commission and the leader of the country that holds the presidency of the Council of the European Union; the Council President now also regularly attends.

Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8) – or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair and President of the United States Bill Clinton, Russian President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. After the 1997 meeting Russia was formally invited to the next meeting and formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in a new governmental political forum, the Group of Eight or G8. The Russian Federation, in fact, had and has limited net national wealth and financial weight compared to the other members of the G8. Russia also has never been a major advanced economy according to the IMF. However, the Russian Federation was ejected from the G8 political forum in March 2014, following the Russian annexation of Crimea.

Developed country .
E7 (countries) .
G4 (EU) .
G6 (EU) .
Group of Eight (G8) .
G10 currencies .
Group of Twelve (G12) .
G20 .
List of country groupings .
List of multilateral free-trade agreements .
NATO Quint .
Great power .

GDP 2021 IMF

.GDP Figures (2021) - Data Review - Action > .
Nominal GDP size comparison - 2021 > .GDP is Not a Perfect Measure of Economic Well-Being - Many Lessons > .
Daily Median Income - Highest and Lowest Countries (1981-2019) - Global Stats > .
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - mru > .
Basic Facts of Wealth - mru > .
Splitting GDP - mru > .
What is GDP? | CNBC Explains > .



FRED Education .

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a specific time period. GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) may be more useful when comparing living standards between nations, while nominal GDP is more useful comparing national economies on the international market. Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP and the same is called Mean Standard of Living.

GDP definitions are maintained by a number of national and international economic organizations. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) defines GDP as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident and institutional units engaged in production and services (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs)". An IMF publication states that, "GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services—that are bought by the final user—produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year)."

GDP is often used as a metric for international comparisons as well as a broad measure of economic progress. It is often considered to be the "world's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress". However, critics of the growth imperative often argue that GDP measures were never intended to measure progress, and leave out key other externalities, such as resource extraction, environmental impact and unpaid domestic work. Critics frequently propose alternative economic models such as doughnut economics which use other measures of success or alternative indicators such as the OECD's Better Life Index as better approaches to measuring the effect of the economy on human development and well being.

History .
Determining gross domestic product (GDP) .
   Production approach .
   Income approach .
   Expenditure approach .
      Components of GDP by expenditure .

Gini Coefficient

2017 Assembling the World by Income (not Wealth) Inequality - Cottereau > .
23-7-16 Inequality Becoming Problematic | EcEx > .
[Data source : World Bank (2017) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/... ]
23-2-19 Calculating the most equal country on earth - EcEx > .Insane Scale of Global Wealth Inequality Visualized - Lore > .
Advances in Medicine, Health Delivery, Engineering, and Policy - Circles > .

In economics, the Gini coefficient, sometimes called the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality or wealth inequality within a nation or any other group of people. It was developed by the Italian statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini (published in 1912 paper Variability and Mutability (Variabilità e mutabilità). Building on the work of American economist Max Lorenz, Gini proposed that the difference between the hypothetical straight line depicting perfect equality, and the actual line depicting people's incomes, be used as a measure of inequality.

In terms of income-ordered population percentiles, the Gini coefficient is the cumulative shortfall from equal share of the total income up to each percentile. That summed shortfall is then divided by the value it would have in the case of complete equality.

The Gini coefficient is usually defined mathematically based on the Lorenz curve, which plots the proportion of the total income of the population (y axis) that is cumulatively earned by the bottom x of the population (see diagram). The line at 45 degrees thus represents perfect equality of incomes. The Gini coefficient can then be thought of as the ratio of the (grey) area that lies between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve (marked A in the diagram) over the total (grey + blue( area under the line of equality (marked A and B in the diagram); i.e., G = A/(A + B). It is also equal to 2A and to 1 − 2B due to the fact that A + B = 0.5 (since the axes scale from 0 to 1).

The Gini coefficient measures the inequality among values of a frequency distribution (for example, levels of income). A Gini coefficient of zero expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same (for example, where everyone has the same income). A Gini coefficient of one (or 100%) expresses maximal inequality among values (e.g., for a large number of people where only one person has all the income or consumption and all others have none, the Gini coefficient will be nearly one).

For larger groups, values close to one are unlikely. Given the normalization of both the cumulative population and the cumulative share of income used to calculate the Gini coefficient, the measure is not overly sensitive to the specifics of the income distribution, but rather only on how incomes vary relative to the other members of a population. The exception to this is in the redistribution of income resulting in a minimum income for all people. When the population is sorted, if their income distribution were to approximate a well-known function, then some representative values could be calculated.

Gini Coefficient - Wealth Inequality (2018)




















The Gini coefficient was proposed by Gini as a measure of inequality of income or wealth. For OECD countries, in the late 20th century, considering the effect of taxes and transfer payments, the income Gini coefficient ranged between 0.24 and 0.49, with Slovenia being the lowest and Mexico the highestAfrican countries had the highest pre-tax Gini coefficients in 2008–2009, with South Africa the world's highest, variously estimated to be 0.63 to 0.7, although this figure drops to 0.52 after social assistance is taken into account, and drops again to 0.47 after taxation. The global income Gini coefficient in 2005 has been estimated to be between 0.61 and 0.68 by various sources.

There are some issues in interpreting a Gini coefficient. The same value may result from many different distribution curves. The demographic structure should be taken into account. Countries with an aging population, or with a baby boom, experience an increasing pre-tax Gini coefficient even if real income distribution for working adults remains constant. Scholars have devised over a dozen variants of the Gini coefficient.

Global Tax Overhaul



Officials from 130 countries have agreed to overhaul the global tax system to ensure big companies "pay a fair share" wherever they operate. The OECD said on Thursday that negotiators had backed a proposed minimum corporate tax rate of at least 15%.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which led the talks, said that the plans could generate about $150bn (£109bn) in tax revenues annually.

Tax on big tech firms has been a source of friction between the US and others. US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen said: "Today is an historic day for economic diplomacy." Yellen said the agreement sent a sign that a "race to the bottom" on tax rates was coming to an end. "For decades, the US has participated in a self-defeating international tax competition, lowering our corporate tax rates only to watch other nations lower theirs in response. The result was a global race to the bottom: Who could lower their corporate rate further and faster?" She said that "no nation" had won the race.

The Biden administration has been pushing for a deal internationally while it seeks to raise taxes domestically. It has, for example, called for an increase in the US corporate tax rate from 21% to 28%.

This agreement has been years in the making. The talks had lost momentum, reflecting to a large extent the United States' lack of enthusiasm for either of the main proposals. [Pro-corporate hesitancy] changed with the new administration, which took power in Washington in January. President Joe Biden and his Treasury Secretary, Janet Yellen, wanted a deal and made specific proposals. They want to raise more tax to repair the public finances after the pandemic and to cover their spending plans.

The Paris-based organisation confirmed that [tax haven] Ireland, [failing democracy] Hungary, and  - countries with low corporate taxes - have not joined the deal on the global minimum. If the deal works as planned, though, staying out won't help them. It includes a "top-up" provision, so that a parent company would get an additional bill if a subsidiary paid less than the minimum.

All G20 countries, such as the US, UK, China, and France, did back the agreement. Participating governments are now expected to try to pass relevant laws to bring in the minimum, although details such as possible exemptions for certain industries are still up for negotiation.

Global Debt

sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...