23-12-1
Khorasan: Taliban vs ISIS K - Afghanistan still at war - Caspian > .
22-8-22
Does Afghanistan have a future? - Caspian Report > .
X
Afghanistan ..
Afghanistan and the Failure of Liberal Interventionism: If the Taliban are allowed to declare victory in Afghanistan, it means what? It means they beat the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United States and the United Nations in open warfare, and can boast about it. Well, that’s an outcome that’s not thinkable.
So said the late
Christopher Hitchens in 2010, firmly reiterating why the United States and its NATO allies should stay the course in Afghanistan—and what the stakes were if the Taliban were allowed to reconquer Afghanistan and claim victory over a second superpower.
This is exactly what has just happened. After twenty years of war, Afghanistan is back in the hands of those Hitchens rightly described as “the scum of the earth.” In fact, the scum control more of the country than they ever did. The intervention and “nation building” project Hitchens supported in 2001 as one front in an existential struggle against Islamic jihadism has unravelled and been reduced to dust.
The fall of Afghanistan to the Taliban is a major political and ideological defeat for the United States, and especially for liberal interventionism. The United States will fully withdraw from Afghanistan in September 2021 without having eviscerated the Taliban, exported freedom and democracy or emancipated the women of Afghanistan—the main aims of liberal advocates of the war. The US was not defeated militarily, but the visceral reactions from sections of the pundit class to Biden’s withdrawal demonstrate the symbolic magnitude of this humiliation of American power. In the New York Times,
Fred Kagan calls for the withdrawal to be delayed to push the Taliban back, while in the Atlantic
Anne Applebaum restates the case for “fighting” for liberal democracy. .........
Afghanistan (
Pashto/
Dari: افغانستان, Pashto: Afġānistān, Dari: Afġānestān), officially the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a
landlocked country at the crossroads of
Central and
South Asia. Afghanistan is bordered by
Pakistan to the east and south;
Iran to the west;
Turkmenistan,
Uzbekistan, and
Tajikistan to the north; and
China to the northeast. Occupying 652,000 square kilometers (252,000 sq mi), it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest.
Kabul is the capital and largest city. The population is around 32 million, composed mostly of ethnic
Pashtuns,
Tajiks,
Hazaras, and
Uzbeks.
Humans lived in what is now Afghanistan at least 50,000 years ago.
Settled life emerged in the region 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the
Indus civilization (
Shortugai site), the
Oxus civilization (Dashlyji site), and the
Helmand civilization (
Mundigak site) of the 3rd millennium BCE.
Indo-Aryans migrated through
Bactria-
Margiana area to
Gandhara, followed by the rise of the
Iron Age Yaz I culture (ca. 1500–1100 BCE), which has been closely associated with the culture depicted in the
Avesta, the ancient religious texts of
Zoroastrianism. The region, then known as "
Ariana", fell to
Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BCE, who conquered the areas to their east
as far as the Indus River.
Alexander the Great invaded the region in the 4th century BCE, who married
Roxana in Bactria before his
Kabul Valley campaign, where he faced resistance from
Aspasioi and Assakan tribes. The
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom became the eastern end of the
Hellenistic world. Following the conquest by
Mauryan Indians,
Buddhism and
Hinduism flourished in the region for centuries. The
Kushan emperor
Kanishka, who ruled from his twin capitals of
Kapiśi and
Puruṣapura, played an important role in the spread of
Mahayana Buddhism to China and Central Asia. Various other Buddhist dynasties originated from this region as well, including the
Kidarites,
Hephthalites,
Alkhons,
Nezaks,
Zunbils and
Turk Shahis.
Muslims brought Islam to
Sassanian-held
Herat and
Zaranj in the mid-7th century, while fuller Islamization was achieved between the 9th and 12th centuries under the
Saffarid,
Samanid,
Ghaznavid, and
Ghurid dynasties. Parts of the region were later ruled by the
Khwarazmian,
Khalji,
Timurid,
Lodi,
Sur,
Mughal, and
Safavid empires. The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the
Hotak dynasty, whose founder
Mirwais Hotak declared southern Afghanistan independent in 1709. In 1747,
Ahmad Shah Durrani established the
Durrani Empire with its capital at
Kandahar. In 1776, the Durrani capital was moved to Kabul while
Peshawar became the winter capital; the latter was lost to
Sikhs in
1823. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a
buffer state in the "
Great Game" between British India and the Russian Empire. In the
First Anglo-Afghan War, the
British East India Company seized control of Afghanistan briefly, but following the
Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence, eventually becoming a monarchy under
Amanullah Khan, until almost 50 years later when
Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established. In 1978, after a second coup, Afghanistan first became a socialist state, evoking the
Soviet–Afghan War in the
1980s against
mujahideen rebels. By
1996, most of the country was captured by the
Islamic fundamentalist Taliban, who ruled as a
totalitarian regime for over five years; they were removed from power after the
US invasion in 2001 but still control a significant portion of the country. The ongoing
war between the government and the
Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of
Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians.
Afghanistan is a unitary presidential
Islamic republic. The country has
high levels of terrorism, poverty, child malnutrition, and corruption. It is a member of the United Nations, the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the
Group of 77, the
Economic Cooperation Organization, and the
Non-Aligned Movement. Afghanistan's economy is the world's 96th largest, with a gross domestic product (GDP) of $72.9 billion by
purchasing power parity; the country fares much worse in terms of per-capita GDP (PPP), ranking
169th out of 186 countries as of 2018.
