Thursday, October 20, 2016

Internment of Japanese Americans - 1942-2-19

1942-2-19 Executive Order 9066: Shameful Moment, WW2 America - Time >

In 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 that cleared the way for the incarceration of Japanese Americans in U.S. confinement camps. Men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry were evicted from the West Coast of the United States and held in sites across the country.

Issued by President Franklin Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, this order authorized the evacuation of all persons deemed a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland. In the next 6 months, over 100,000 men, women, and children of Japanese ancestry were moved to assembly centers. They were then evacuated to and confined in isolated, fenced, and guarded relocation centers, known as internment camps.

Monday, October 17, 2016

Lavender Scare

.LGBTQ Persecution in the United States - Lavender Scare - Cold War > .

1896-5-18 Plessy v. Ferguson

.18th May 1896: Supreme Court - Plessy v. Ferguson - ‘separate but equal’ - HiPo > .
Plessy v Ferguson and Segregation: Black American History > .
Legal Segregation? | Plessy v. Ferguson - MrB > .

The Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which had been ratified in 1868 during the period of Reconstruction, guaranteed ‘equal protection of the laws’ to all American citizens. This included almost 4 million former slaves who had been freed by President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Thirteenth Amendment.

In 1890 the state of Louisiana introduced the Separate Car Act that required separate railway cars for black and white passengers. Two years later, in a challenge to the Act, the Comité des Citoyens (Committee of Citizens) civil rights group recruited Homer Plessy to purchase a first-class ticket from New Orleans to Covington and board a ‘Whites Only’ car. Plessy was an ‘octoroon’, which meant he had seven-eighths white and one-eighth black ancestry. Yet, despite his fair skin, under Louisiana law he was still classified as black.

The railroad company was aware of, and supported, the challenge as they opposed the need to purchase additional railway cars. Consequently Plessy was arrested after being asked to move. Having challenged the law as unconstitutional under the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments, the case eventually made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court after the Louisiana courts found the Act was legal for railroads operating within the state.

The Supreme Court delivered its verdict on 18 May, 1896, in which a 7–1 decision upheld that Louisiana’s train car segregation laws were constitutional. This effectively legalized racial segregation by permitting separate but supposedly equal facilities.

Low Trust Societies

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Origins of the Greek debt crisis - Kraut > .

sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...