.
24-3-26 US Defense Response to Indo-Pacific Security Threat Too Slow - WSJ > ....
Indo-Pacific Security ..
Thursday, September 20, 2018
Monday, September 17, 2018
LAC - Light Aircraft Carriers
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23-4-23 JMSDF, LACs, Defence Strategy - Perun > .
(2022 vs 1945) Could the US military invade Japan? Binkov > .
Japanese multipurpose destroyer class Izumo - nwyt > .
25-3-8 Office of Shipbuilding | Sal > .
A light aircraft carrier, or light fleet carrier, is an aircraft carrier that is smaller than the standard carriers of a navy. The precise definition of the type varies by country; light carriers typically have a complement of aircraft only one-half to two-thirds the size of a full-sized fleet carrier. A light carrier was similar in concept to an escort carrier in most respects, however light carriers were intended for higher speeds to be deployed alongside fleet carriers, while escort carriers usually defended convoys and provided air support during amphibious operations.
The escort carrier or escort aircraft carrier (U.S. hull classification symbol CVE), also called a "jeep carrier" or "baby flattop" in the United States Navy (USN) or "Woolworth Carrier" by the Royal Navy, was a small and slow type of aircraft carrier used by the Royal Navy, the United States Navy, the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in WW2. They were typically half the length and a third the displacement of larger fleet carriers, slower, carried fewer planes, and more-lightly armed and armored. Escort carriers were most often built upon a commercial ship hull, so they were cheaper and could be built quickly. This was their principal advantage as they could be completed in greater numbers as a stop-gap when fleet carriers were scarce. However, the lack of protection made escort carriers particularly vulnerable, and several were sunk with great loss of life. The light carrier (U.S. hull classification symbol CVL) was a similar concept to the escort carrier in most respects, but was fast enough to operate alongside fleet carriers.
Escort carriers were too slow to keep up with the main forces consisting of fleet carriers, battleships, and cruisers. Instead, they were used to escort convoys, defending them from enemy threats such as submarines and planes. In the invasions of mainland Europe and Pacific islands, escort carriers provided air support to ground forces during amphibious operations. Escort carriers also served as backup aircraft transports for fleet carriers, and ferried aircraft of all military services to points of delivery.
In the Battle of the Atlantic, escort carriers were used to protect convoys against U-boats. Initially escort carriers accompanied the merchant ships and helped to fend off attacks from aircraft and submarines. As numbers increased later in the war, escort carriers also formed part of hunter-killer groups that sought out submarines instead of being attached to a particular convoy.
In the Pacific theater, CVEs provided air support of ground troops in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. They lacked the speed and weapons to counter enemy fleets, relying on the protection of a Fast Carrier Task Force. However, at the Battle off Samar, one U.S. task force of escort carriers and destroyers managed to successfully defend itself against a much larger Japanese force of battleships and cruisers. The Japanese met a furious defense of carrier aircraft, screening destroyers, and destroyer escorts.
Of the 151 aircraft carriers built in the U.S. during World War II, 122 were escort carriers, though no examples survive. The Casablanca class was the most numerous class of aircraft carrier, with 50 launched. Second was the Bogue class, with 45 launched.
The Izumo-class multi-purpose destroyers (いずも型護衛艦, Izumo-gata-goei-kan) or 22DDH are helicopter carriers in service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF). The class is designated as a multi-purpose operation destroyer by the Japanese government due to limits on the Japanese Constitution prohibiting the acquisition of offensive platforms. The ships of this class are currently the largest surface combatants of the JMSDF, taking over the mantle previously held by the Hyūga-class helicopter destroyers. The lead ship was officially unveiled at Yokohama on August 6th, 2013. Both ships of the class could operate STOVL Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIB aircraft after modifications.
Escort carriers were too slow to keep up with the main forces consisting of fleet carriers, battleships, and cruisers. Instead, they were used to escort convoys, defending them from enemy threats such as submarines and planes. In the invasions of mainland Europe and Pacific islands, escort carriers provided air support to ground forces during amphibious operations. Escort carriers also served as backup aircraft transports for fleet carriers, and ferried aircraft of all military services to points of delivery.
In the Battle of the Atlantic, escort carriers were used to protect convoys against U-boats. Initially escort carriers accompanied the merchant ships and helped to fend off attacks from aircraft and submarines. As numbers increased later in the war, escort carriers also formed part of hunter-killer groups that sought out submarines instead of being attached to a particular convoy.
In the Pacific theater, CVEs provided air support of ground troops in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. They lacked the speed and weapons to counter enemy fleets, relying on the protection of a Fast Carrier Task Force. However, at the Battle off Samar, one U.S. task force of escort carriers and destroyers managed to successfully defend itself against a much larger Japanese force of battleships and cruisers. The Japanese met a furious defense of carrier aircraft, screening destroyers, and destroyer escorts.
Of the 151 aircraft carriers built in the U.S. during World War II, 122 were escort carriers, though no examples survive. The Casablanca class was the most numerous class of aircraft carrier, with 50 launched. Second was the Bogue class, with 45 launched.
The Sea Control Ship (SCS) was a small aircraft carrier developed and conceptualized by the United States Navy under Chief of Naval Operations Elmo Zumwalt during the 1970s. Currently the term refers to naval vessels that can perform similar duties. The SCS was intended as an escort vessel, providing air support for convoys. It was canceled after budgetary cuts to the US Navy.
The SCS was to be equipped with a mix of Rockwell XFV-12 fighter aircraft and anti-submarine warfare helicopters. It was tasked with carrying out anti-submarine warfare operations. In 1971 USS Guam was chosen as a test vessel. Testing began on 18 January 1972. In 1974 she was deployed to the Atlantic Ocean. The vessel was equipped with AV-8A Harrier STOVL fighters and SH-3 Sea King ASW helicopters. The tests were completed in July 1974; USS Guam resumed its role as an amphibious assault ship.
The SCSs were smaller [and less expensive] than most fleet aircraft carriers, and the concept was seized upon by nations wanting inexpensive aircraft carriers. Spain's Príncipe de Asturias, and her smaller cousin ship, Thailand's HTMS Chakri Naruebet, were based on the final US Navy blueprints for a dedicated sea control ship, but with the addition of a ski-jump ramp and follow a similar mission profile.
The SCS was to be equipped with a mix of Rockwell XFV-12 fighter aircraft and anti-submarine warfare helicopters. It was tasked with carrying out anti-submarine warfare operations. In 1971 USS Guam was chosen as a test vessel. Testing began on 18 January 1972. In 1974 she was deployed to the Atlantic Ocean. The vessel was equipped with AV-8A Harrier STOVL fighters and SH-3 Sea King ASW helicopters. The tests were completed in July 1974; USS Guam resumed its role as an amphibious assault ship.
Although they only carry helicopters and V/STOL aircraft, USS America, with a displacement of about 45,000 long tons (46,000 t), is similar in size to the French Charles de Gaulle and the Indian Vikramaditya fixed-wing aircraft carriers. Also, while more than 124 feet (38 m) shorter, they are of comparable displacement to the former US Navy Midway-class aircraft carriers.
USS America can be used as a small aircraft carrier with a squadron of jet fighters plus several multipurpose helicopters, such as the MH-60 Seahawk. They can carry about 20 to 25 AV-8B, F-35Bs, or a mixture of the two, but the future ships of this class, starting with USS Bougainville (LHA-8), will have smaller aircraft hangars to leave room for larger amphibious warfare well decks.
LCS - Littoral Combat Ship
2021 Littoral Combat Ship - USN’s Most Controversial Warship - CNBC > .
24-3-21 USN's 30-Year Plan on Shipbuilding - 2024 - Shipping > .
The Navy selected five shipbuilders to present their ideas for a prospective design for the proposed twenty FFG(X) guided-missile frigates. On 30 April 2020, the Navy announced that Fincantieri Marinette Marine had won the contract with its FREMM multipurpose frigate-based design. The project was later renamed FFG-62 program after the lead ship of her class.
23-6-30 Constellation class frigate vs LCS (Independence, Freedom) - Binkov > .
25-3-8 Office of Shipbuilding | Sal > .
CSG - Carrier Strike Group ..
? littoral combat ship ?
The U.S. Navy has invested billions in the Littoral Combat Ship. But with unsolved problems and a murky mission set, will this close to shore surface combatant remain a key part of the Navy's strategy?
The USS Freedom — the first Littoral Combat Ship, or LCS — was decommissioned after only 13 years in the fleet. This move appears to be at odds with the U.S. Navy’s goal of building up a force of 355 ships.
The LCS is designed for littoral areas, or water closer to shore. Larger ships have trouble operating in these areas because of the shallow water. But engine issues, mission module problems and the evolving state of the world have put the future of the ship in choppy waters.
Several older Littoral Combat Ships are also being decommissioned due to the high cost of upgrading them.
To increase an LCS vessel’s punch, the Navy has moved to add the Naval Strike Missile to some of the warships. It also decided to designate certain ships for specific missions, in contrast with the quick and swappable mission modules that were envisioned when the ship was first designed.
There are two variants of the Littoral Combat Ship: the Independence-class, an all-aluminum trimaran design, and the Freedom-class, which is a more traditional steel hull with an aluminum superstructure.
The Freedom-class was plagued by an engine issue that related to the combining gear, a complex piece of machinery that ensures that the multiple engines on the ship can function together. The Navy and Lockheed Martin are working to fix the problem in future ships that are waiting to be commissioned into the fleet, and those that have yet to be constructed.
The USS Freedom — the first Littoral Combat Ship, or LCS — was decommissioned after only 13 years in the fleet. This move appears to be at odds with the U.S. Navy’s goal of building up a force of 355 ships.
The LCS is designed for littoral areas, or water closer to shore. Larger ships have trouble operating in these areas because of the shallow water. But engine issues, mission module problems and the evolving state of the world have put the future of the ship in choppy waters.
Several older Littoral Combat Ships are also being decommissioned due to the high cost of upgrading them.
To increase an LCS vessel’s punch, the Navy has moved to add the Naval Strike Missile to some of the warships. It also decided to designate certain ships for specific missions, in contrast with the quick and swappable mission modules that were envisioned when the ship was first designed.
There are two variants of the Littoral Combat Ship: the Independence-class, an all-aluminum trimaran design, and the Freedom-class, which is a more traditional steel hull with an aluminum superstructure.
The Freedom-class was plagued by an engine issue that related to the combining gear, a complex piece of machinery that ensures that the multiple engines on the ship can function together. The Navy and Lockheed Martin are working to fix the problem in future ships that are waiting to be commissioned into the fleet, and those that have yet to be constructed.
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The Constellation-class multi-mission guided-missile frigates of the United States Navy follow the modular but problematic littoral combat ships.[12] The U.S. Navy announced the FFG(X) frigate project in the United States Department of Defense Request For Information (RFI) on 10 July 2017.[10][13]The Navy selected five shipbuilders to present their ideas for a prospective design for the proposed twenty FFG(X) guided-missile frigates. On 30 April 2020, the Navy announced that Fincantieri Marinette Marine had won the contract with its FREMM multipurpose frigate-based design. The project was later renamed FFG-62 program after the lead ship of her class.
Launching Ships
25-3-8 Office of Shipbuilding | Sal > .
A ship launching slipway comprises a ramp that slopes down to the water from the shipyard. This procedure has been largely used for launching newly made or repaired ships.
Gravitational launching is divided into three main types, longitudinal oiled slideway launching, longitudinal steel-roller slideway launching, and side oiled slideway launching.
- Longitudinal oiled slideway launching - the ship slides on a slideway and under its own weight enters the water. Typically, oil or wax is used to assist in this process. This method employs simple equipment and can be used for vessels with a variety of tonnage and types.
- Longitudinal steel-roller slideway launching - steel rollers are used instead of oil, which reduces friction during sliding. This method is the most effective and easiest to initiate, but initial installation is costly.
- Side oiled slideway launching requires the ship to have great stability and power.
Mechanical type launching – relies upon mechanical launching. Mechanical methods are typically used for smaller vessels, not large, high tonnage ships.
Airbag launching is safe and innovative. Typically, the reinforced-rubber airbags are cylindrical in shape with hemispherical heads at both ends. The method can be used in all types and sizes of vessels.
Launching Ships ..
Liberty ships, Kaiser method
Shipbuilding Industry - Naval Gazing >> .
Kaiser method -- revolution in shipbuilding
During WW2, hundreds of cargo ships raced across the Atlantic in an effort to keep Britain supplied. But these ships were being sunk by German U-boats, warships and aircraft. In 1940 alone, over a thousand allied ships were lost and Britain was as risk of being cut off from much needed supplies.
The United States, while not yet at war, was playing a vital role in supplying Britain. But with ships being sunk daily, Britain and America desperately needed a way to keep all that material moving across the Atlantic. In response, 18 shipyards across the coastal United States mobilized to build thousands of large cargo ships known as Liberty Ships. They would be built even faster than the enemy could sink them. At one point the shipyards were building one large Liberty Ship every eight hours.
Two revolutionary changes in shipbuilding will make this enormous feat possible. The first is welding and the second is the use of a modular assembly process. By mid 1941, the sheer number Liberties out at sea, along with increasing armed escorts overwhelmed German forces. Advances in anti-submarine technologies also started stamping out the U-boat threat.
Today, there are only three Liberty Ships remaining of the 2,710 built that remind us of their enormous contribution to winning World War Two. Only three Liberty Ships are preserved, two as operational museum ships.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship
Henry John Kaiser (May 9, 1882 – August 24, 1967) was an American industrialist who became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. He established the Kaiser Shipyards, which built Liberty ships during World War II, after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum and Kaiser Steel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser
History of the Marinship Corporation's Sausalito shipyard wartime operations during the period 1942 to 1945. Documents construction of the dockyards, cargo ships, and the large oil tanker ships built for the allied war efforts.
Five Liberty ships had been launched from Marinship by the first anniversary of the declaration of war. The Liberty ship, designed as an "emergency" type cargo ship, was 441 feet (134 m) long and 56 feet (17 m) abeam. President Roosevelt nicknamed them his "ugly ducklings." After 15 Liberty ships were launched at Marinship, the shipyard was retooled to produce the larger T2-SE-A2 tankers, which were 523.5 feet (159.6 m) long, and 68 feet (21 m) abeam. On 16 June 1945, Marinship set a world record by constructing and delivering the tanker SS Huntington Hills in a mere 33 days, with 28 days on the way and 5 days of fitting out after launch. At its peak, 20,000 workers were employed at Marinship. In the 3½ years that Marinship was active, it launched 15 Liberty ships, 16 fleet oilers, and 62 tankers — a total of 93 ships.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9CyQxMbeUY
Constructing A Pre-Fabricated Ship - 1942
Shows the step-by-step construction of a pre-fabricated ship, the SS Robert E. Peary Liberty class naval cargo ship at Permanente Metals Corporation No. 2 Yard in Richmond, California. Filmed during the early days of America's involvement in World War Two, this ship set a record breaking time for construction at just 4 days, 15 hours and 29 minutes after the keel was laid down. The film shows all aspects of construction, as well as detailed scenes of activities at the dockyards and the successful launching of the ship.
Ship Building In WW2 : Steel Goes To Sea - 1941 British Shipyards Educational Documentary @ Burntisland Shipbuilding Company
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agkuSL3RrMQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBBzsotcCaY
http://film.britishcouncil.org/steel-goes-to-sea
Boats
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCy5V9ElwuNU1B__d6Dppswz
Canal, River, Sea
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyFO8Bd0tG4NQlEY2C3ja7M
Manufacturing UK '30+
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyGj2uZ1Qy1QtdtuyIlei3j
British Council Film Collection - wdtvlive42 playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR1rRn4DvD6BkUIrIoOoWi_o-AMb6I6UV
British Council Film Collection - Charlie Dean playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL43UrdpDUR981NKvgOUMYR11FeFcccaLX .
25-3-8 Office of Shipbuilding | Sal > .
Liberty ships were a class of cargo ship built in the United States during WW2 under the Emergency Shipbuilding Program. Although British in concept, the design was adopted by the United States for its simple, low-cost construction. Mass-produced on an unprecedented scale, the Liberty ship came to symbolize U.S. wartime industrial output.
The class was developed to meet British orders for transports to replace ships that had been lost. Eighteen American shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships between 1941 and 1945 (an average of three ships every two days), easily the largest number of ships ever produced to a single design.
The Liberty ship was effectively superseded by the Victory ship, a somewhat larger, materially faster, more modern-powered vessel of generally similar design. Over 500 were built between 1943 and 1945.
Liberty ship production mirrored (albeit on a much larger scale) the manufacture of "Hog Islander" and similar standardized ship types during World War I. The immensity of the effort, the number of ships built, the role of female workers in their construction, and the survival of some far longer than their original five-year design life combine to make them the subject of much continued interest.
The class was developed to meet British orders for transports to replace ships that had been lost. Eighteen American shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships between 1941 and 1945 (an average of three ships every two days), easily the largest number of ships ever produced to a single design.
The Liberty ship was effectively superseded by the Victory ship, a somewhat larger, materially faster, more modern-powered vessel of generally similar design. Over 500 were built between 1943 and 1945.
Liberty ship production mirrored (albeit on a much larger scale) the manufacture of "Hog Islander" and similar standardized ship types during World War I. The immensity of the effort, the number of ships built, the role of female workers in their construction, and the survival of some far longer than their original five-year design life combine to make them the subject of much continued interest.
During WW2, hundreds of cargo ships raced across the Atlantic in an effort to keep Britain supplied. But these ships were being sunk by German U-boats, warships and aircraft. In 1940 alone, over a thousand allied ships were lost and Britain was as risk of being cut off from much needed supplies.
The United States, while not yet at war, was playing a vital role in supplying Britain. But with ships being sunk daily, Britain and America desperately needed a way to keep all that material moving across the Atlantic. In response, 18 shipyards across the coastal United States mobilized to build thousands of large cargo ships known as Liberty Ships. They would be built even faster than the enemy could sink them. At one point the shipyards were building one large Liberty Ship every eight hours.
Two revolutionary changes in shipbuilding will make this enormous feat possible. The first is welding and the second is the use of a modular assembly process. By mid 1941, the sheer number Liberties out at sea, along with increasing armed escorts overwhelmed German forces. Advances in anti-submarine technologies also started stamping out the U-boat threat.
Today, there are only three Liberty Ships remaining of the 2,710 built that remind us of their enormous contribution to winning World War Two. Only three Liberty Ships are preserved, two as operational museum ships.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship
Henry John Kaiser (May 9, 1882 – August 24, 1967) was an American industrialist who became known as the father of modern American shipbuilding. He established the Kaiser Shipyards, which built Liberty ships during World War II, after which he formed Kaiser Aluminum and Kaiser Steel.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_J._Kaiser
History of the Marinship Corporation's Sausalito shipyard wartime operations during the period 1942 to 1945. Documents construction of the dockyards, cargo ships, and the large oil tanker ships built for the allied war efforts.
Five Liberty ships had been launched from Marinship by the first anniversary of the declaration of war. The Liberty ship, designed as an "emergency" type cargo ship, was 441 feet (134 m) long and 56 feet (17 m) abeam. President Roosevelt nicknamed them his "ugly ducklings." After 15 Liberty ships were launched at Marinship, the shipyard was retooled to produce the larger T2-SE-A2 tankers, which were 523.5 feet (159.6 m) long, and 68 feet (21 m) abeam. On 16 June 1945, Marinship set a world record by constructing and delivering the tanker SS Huntington Hills in a mere 33 days, with 28 days on the way and 5 days of fitting out after launch. At its peak, 20,000 workers were employed at Marinship. In the 3½ years that Marinship was active, it launched 15 Liberty ships, 16 fleet oilers, and 62 tankers — a total of 93 ships.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9CyQxMbeUY
Constructing A Pre-Fabricated Ship - 1942
Shows the step-by-step construction of a pre-fabricated ship, the SS Robert E. Peary Liberty class naval cargo ship at Permanente Metals Corporation No. 2 Yard in Richmond, California. Filmed during the early days of America's involvement in World War Two, this ship set a record breaking time for construction at just 4 days, 15 hours and 29 minutes after the keel was laid down. The film shows all aspects of construction, as well as detailed scenes of activities at the dockyards and the successful launching of the ship.
Ship Building In WW2 : Steel Goes To Sea - 1941 British Shipyards Educational Documentary @ Burntisland Shipbuilding Company
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=agkuSL3RrMQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBBzsotcCaY
http://film.britishcouncil.org/steel-goes-to-sea
Boats
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCy5V9ElwuNU1B__d6Dppswz
Canal, River, Sea
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyFO8Bd0tG4NQlEY2C3ja7M
Manufacturing UK '30+
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLtakTnKQQMCyGj2uZ1Qy1QtdtuyIlei3j
British Council Film Collection - wdtvlive42 playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLR1rRn4DvD6BkUIrIoOoWi_o-AMb6I6UV
British Council Film Collection - Charlie Dean playlist
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL43UrdpDUR981NKvgOUMYR11FeFcccaLX .
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
