Sunday, December 29, 2019
Saturday, December 28, 2019
47-3-12 Truman Doctrine
.47-3-12: Truman Doctrine - aid to Greece and Turkey - HiPo > .
Harry S. Truman: The Accidental President - Biog > .
Harry S. Truman: The Accidental President - Biog > .
History of the Cold War: Every Month - Dec '45 to Dec '91 > .Berlin Wall: Escaping for Freedom and Love - Geographics > .
In an attempt to limit communist expansion into Europe the British government provided economic and military assistance to both the Greek and Turkish governments. However, in February 1947 Britain informed the U.S. government that it couldn’t afford to continue this support while they faced their own economic crisis at home, and that they would stop providing aid on 31 March.
In what later developed into the ‘domino theory’, Truman’s advisors explained that if either Greece or Turkey fell to communism then it could spread to the rest of Europe and Asia. To avoid this they urged policymakers to take Britain’s place and provide support to the two governments.
On 12 March, President Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress where he laid out the threat. Among other things, he stated, ‘It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’ In a program that won broad support, America committed to providing $400 million in assistance to Greece and Turkey. This established the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. policy, and relations with the U.S.S.R., for the next forty years.
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations thought to be threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that still exists. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense.
Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time, and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949. Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."
For years, the United Kingdom had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government. The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the Greek revolt, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from an anti-fascist alliance to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
In an attempt to limit communist expansion into Europe the British government provided economic and military assistance to both the Greek and Turkish governments. However, in February 1947 Britain informed the U.S. government that it couldn’t afford to continue this support while they faced their own economic crisis at home, and that they would stop providing aid on 31 March.
In what later developed into the ‘domino theory’, Truman’s advisors explained that if either Greece or Turkey fell to communism then it could spread to the rest of Europe and Asia. To avoid this they urged policymakers to take Britain’s place and provide support to the two governments.
On 12 March, President Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress where he laid out the threat. Among other things, he stated, ‘It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’ In a program that won broad support, America committed to providing $400 million in assistance to Greece and Turkey. This established the Truman Doctrine that would guide U.S. policy, and relations with the U.S.S.R., for the next forty years.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War (1946–1949). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense.
Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time, and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949. Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."
For years, the United Kingdom had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government. The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the Greek revolt, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their stability.
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world. It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from an anti-fascist alliance to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
Treaties ⇒ European Union
History of NATO: Every Year - mapped > .
América del Sur/do Sul - 47-9-2 Rio Treaty
22-10-11 Why Argentina is not rich - Caspian > .
25-2-5 Has Milei Delivered What He Promised? - gtbt > .24-12-14 Javier Milei [1 Year of Chainsaw Austerity] - Patrick Boyle > .
24-1-23 Will Javier Milei's Experiment Save Argentina? - gtbt > .
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (commonly known as the Rio Treaty, the Rio Pact, the Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, or by the Spanish-language acronym TIAR from Tratado Interamericano de Asistencia Recíproca) was an agreement signed on September 2, 1947 in Rio de Janeiro among many countries of the Americas. The central principle contained in its articles is that an attack against one is to be considered an attack against them all; this was known as the "hemispheric defense" doctrine. Despite this, several members have breached the treaty on multiple occasions. The treaty was initially created in 1947 and came into force December 3, 1948, in accordance with Article 22 of the treaty. The Bahamas was the most recent country to sign and ratify it in 1982.
20-12-31 Faltering Economy of Argentina - EcEx > .
Bolivia
22-11-30 Bolivia wants its coastline back - Caspian > .
Brazil
Brazil-Xina
23-4-17 G7-Japan vs Macron, Brazil-China: Lula | BRICS-Ec | Update > .
23-4-17 G7-Japan vs Macron, Brazil-China: Lula | BRICS-Ec | Update > .
23-4-16 Lula-Xina - Update > .
Falklands
23-12-7 Britain vs Argentina: Falklands War - animated doc - Historiograph > .22-4-27 Falklands War Legacy: How it Started | War Stories > .
Guyana
20-6-28 Geopolitics of Mexico - Caspian > .
South America
Venezuela ..
Decline: Though the action of the United States during the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion raised questions among Latin American governments, the unilateral approach of the United States invading the Dominican Republic in 1965 during the Dominican Civil War, before the OAS's Inter-American Peace Force was organized, caused many members to believe that the United States did not respect the ideals of multilateralism. Conversely during the Falklands War in 1982, the United States favored the United Kingdom arguing that Argentina had been the aggressor and because Argentina had not been attacked, as did Chile and Colombia. This was seen by most Latin American countries as the final failure of the treaty.
In September 2002, citing the Falklands example and anticipating the invasion of Iraq, Mexico formally withdrew from the treaty; after the requisite two years, Mexico ceased to be a signatory in September 2004. In 2008, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) created a new regional security council manage their own defensive objectives. On 5 June 2012, Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) countries Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, under the leadership of leftist governments, initiated the retirement from the TIAR, a decision which the Obama administration described as "unfortunate" but respected. The treaty was officially denounced by Nicaragua on 20 September 2012, Bolivia on 17 October 2012, Venezuela on 14 May 2013, and Ecuador on 19 February 2014.
In September 2002, citing the Falklands example and anticipating the invasion of Iraq, Mexico formally withdrew from the treaty; after the requisite two years, Mexico ceased to be a signatory in September 2004. In 2008, the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) created a new regional security council manage their own defensive objectives. On 5 June 2012, Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA) countries Bolivia, Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, under the leadership of leftist governments, initiated the retirement from the TIAR, a decision which the Obama administration described as "unfortunate" but respected. The treaty was officially denounced by Nicaragua on 20 September 2012, Bolivia on 17 October 2012, Venezuela on 14 May 2013, and Ecuador on 19 February 2014.
47-11-29 UN partition plan - Palestine
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∞ Against Judaeiphobia ⇻
24-2-1 Why [despite weakist antisemitism] US Supports and Funds Israel | WSJ > .
23-2-16 Why you too, should be against a Palestinian state - travel > .
Free Palestine? - Understanding the Arab Israeli Conflict - travelingisrael.com >> .
Free Palestine? - Understanding the Arab Israeli Conflict - travelingisrael.com >> .
The UN partition plan for Palestine was adopted on November 29th, 1947 by the UN General Assembly Resolution 181. The plan divided Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. Greater Jerusalem should be under international control. Palestine was divided in such a way that within the various areas either of the two groups constituted the majority of the population. In addition, areas of economic interest should be shared as equally as possible. (original sound bite) The majority of Jews accepted the plan, but the radical nationalists felt it did not go far enough. The Arab leaders rejected it outright. On May 14th, 1948 the Jews moved forward and founded the State of Israel. The next day the Arab League declared war on Israel.
1848 Middle East 2020 ..
47-11-29 UN partition plan - Palestine ..
47-11-29 UN partition plan - Palestine ..
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum
igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...
