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NATO's Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF, Spearhead Unit) was created in 2014, following Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea and crises in the Middle East. Germany has just [2023] taken over from France, which led the force in 2022. In response to Russia's full-fledged invasion of Ukraine in February last year, NATO deployed elements of the VJTF to Romania on the unit's first collective-defence mission.
The NATO Response Force was first organized in 2002. Passing through several different phases, it has fluctuated in size and has changed its purpose frequently — from a security force to a ground warfare asset.
The NATO Response Force (NRF) is a high-readiness force comprising land, air, sea and special forces units capable of being deployed quickly. Until February 2022, when NATO activated it in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, units assigned to the NRF had only been used to assist with disaster relief and security at high-profile security events. On 25 February 2022 after a NATO meeting, the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF) was activated for the defense of members of the alliance, for the first time.
Rotating forces through the NRF requires nations to meet the demanding standards needed for collective defence and expeditionary operations. As the standards are very high, participation in the NRF is preceded by a six-month NATO exercise program in order to integrate and standardize the various national contingents. Generally, nations carry out a pre-training period in preparation for the NATO exercises of between 6–18 months. Once activated, Reconnaissance Teams deploy within 5 days. This is the first of a number of deployment phases that lead to the deployment of the entire HQ Joint Task Force and Immediate Reaction Forces within 30 days.
The NRF comprises up to 40,000 troops and includes units from several countries that do not belong to NATO: non-member partners, Finland, which first contributed forces in 2008; Sweden, 2013; Ukraine, 2014;[9] and Georgia, 2015.
The NRF trains for various tasks, including:
Rotating forces through the NRF requires nations to meet the demanding standards needed for collective defence and expeditionary operations. As the standards are very high, participation in the NRF is preceded by a six-month NATO exercise program in order to integrate and standardize the various national contingents. Generally, nations carry out a pre-training period in preparation for the NATO exercises of between 6–18 months. Once activated, Reconnaissance Teams deploy within 5 days. This is the first of a number of deployment phases that lead to the deployment of the entire HQ Joint Task Force and Immediate Reaction Forces within 30 days.
The NRF comprises up to 40,000 troops and includes units from several countries that do not belong to NATO: non-member partners, Finland, which first contributed forces in 2008; Sweden, 2013; Ukraine, 2014;[9] and Georgia, 2015.
The NRF trains for various tasks, including:
- providing immediate collective defence of Alliance members in the event of an Article V operation;
- crisis management;
- acting as the initial force deployment as a precursor to deployment of a much larger force;
- peace support;
- disaster relief;
- protection of critical infrastructure.
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