Thursday, November 26, 2015

Chartists 1836-1857

Preamble to the 1839 Chartist Petition > .
What was the Secret Ballot? | The Ballot Act 1872 >

In 1832, voting rights were given to the property-owning middle classes in Britain, but  many wanted further political reform.

Chartism emerged in 1836 as a working class movement, aimed at securing political rights and influence. It was most active between 1838 and 1848. The aim of the Chartists was to

Chartism was named for the People’s Charter, which listed the six main aims of the movement. These were:
  1. a vote for all men (over 21)
  2. the secret ballot
  3. no property qualification to become an MP
  4. payment for MPs
  5. electoral districts of equal size
  6. annual elections for Parliament
In 1839, 1842 and 1848, Chartists presented three petitions to Parliament. Each was rejected. It was claimed that the last great Chartist petition in 1848, garnered six million signatures. The 1848 plan included a peaceful mass meeting on Kennington Common in London, followed by delivery to parliament. The demonstration was deemed a failure when, on a cold rainy day, the government sent 8,000 soldiers, yet only 20,000 Chartists attended the mass meeting. The rejection of this petition marked the end of Chartism.

Some opponents of the movement feared that Chartists were not just interested in changing the way Parliament was elected, but really wanted to turn society upside down by starting a revolution. They also thought that the Chartists (who said they disapproved of violent protest) were stirring up a wave of riots around the country. On 4 November 1839, 5,000 men marched into Newport, in Monmouthshire, and attempted to take control of the town. Led by three well-known Chartists (John Frost, William Jones and Zephaniah Williams), they gathered outside the Westgate Hotel, where the local authorities were temporarily holding a number of potential troublemakers. Troops protecting the hotel opened fire, killing at least 22 people, and brought the uprising to an abrupt end. Preston in Lancashire was the scene of rioting in 1842.

Support for Chartism peaked at times of economic depression and hunger. There was rioting in Stockport, due to unemployment and near-starvation, and Manchester, where workers protested against wage cuts, wanting "a fair day's pay for a fair day's labour". The "Plug Plots" were a series of strikes in Lancashire, Yorkshire, the Midlands and parts of Scotland that took place in the summer of 1842. Workers removed the plugs from the boilers in order to bring factory machinery to a halt. Wage cuts were the main issue, but support for Chartism was also strong at this time.

Although the Chartist movement ended without achieving its aims, the fear of civil unrest remained. Later in the century, many Chartist ideas were included in the Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884.


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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...