Black Sea & Russia-Turkey Conflicts > .
Poland's strategy of the Intermarium > .
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"Eastern Europe"
> EuM - European Defense >> EU Army?
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24-3-14 German-Polish Tensions - Modern > .
23-12-23 Why Poland is Divided - Present Past > .
22-12-30 Suwalki Gap: NATO's Weakest Point? | BFBS > .
22-10-14 HUNGARY | The West's Enemy Within? - J K-L > .
21-7-14 Lithuania accuses Belarus of using refugees as 'political weapon' - BBC > .
21-6-26 Lukashenko losing grip on Belarus? - Into > .
Russia has regained much of its ability to project power abroad, but twelve nations in East Europe are designing a deterrence known as Three Seas (launched in 2015 by Croatian and Polish policymakers).
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The Three Seas Initiative (3SI, TSI, I3M), also known as the Baltic, Adriatic, Black Sea (BABS) Initiative, or simply the Three Seas, is a forum of twelve states in the European Union, located in Central and Eastern Europe. The combined area connects the Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea. The initiative aims to create a regional dialogue on a variety of questions affecting the member states. The twelve members met for their first summit in 2016, in Dubrovnik.
The Three Seas Initiative has twelve member states along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea: Austria#, Bulgaria*, Croatia*, Czech Republic*, Estonia*, Hungary*, Latvia*, Lithuania*, Poland*, Romania*, Slovakia* and Slovenia*. [* = NATO member; # = NATO partner]
The initiative held its first summit in Dubrovnik on 25–26 August 2016. The two-day event ended with a declaration of co-operation in economic matters, particularly in the field of energy as well as transport and communications infrastructure.
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Intermarium (Polish: Międzymorze; Ukrainian: Міжмор'я, Belarusian: Міжмор’е) was a geopolitical project conceived by politicians in successor states of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in several iterations, some of which anticipated the inclusion as well of other, neighboring states. The proposed multinational polity would have extended across territories lying between the Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas, hence the Latinate name Intermarium, meaning "Between-Seas".
Prospectively a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, the post-World War I Intermarium plan pursued by Polish leader and former political prisoner of the Russian Empire, Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), sought to recruit to the proposed federation the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The Polish name Międzymorze (from między, "between"; and morze, "sea"), meaning "Between-Seas", was rendered into Latin as "Intermarium."
The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 18th, had united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other geopolitical vision—Prometheism, whose goal was the dismemberment of the Russian Empire and that Empire's divestment of its territorial acquisitions.
Intermarium was, however, perceived by some Lithuanians as a threat to their newly established independence, and by some Ukrainians as a threat to their aspirations for independence, and while France backed the proposal, it was opposed by Russia and by most other Western powers. Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany, except for Finland (which suffered some territorial losses in the 1939–40 Winter War with the Soviet Union).
21-4-30 Is Russia Becoming Irrelevant? - CoCa > .
21-12-14 Belarus Against Europe - RealLifeLore > .
2021 Putin & Belarus? | Tim Marshall re Ryan Air Kidnapping > .
21-7-2 Lukashenko closes Belarusian borders over [probably invented] "planned coup".
21-7-2 Lukashenko closes Belarusian borders over [probably invented] "planned coup".
Geostrategic Projection
Black Sea - Operation Sea Breeze (NATO 2021) ..EU 2023 ..
NATO
Funding NATO ..
Russia has regained much of its ability to project power abroad, but twelve nations in East Europe are designing a deterrence known as Three Seas (launched in 2015 by Croatian and Polish policymakers).
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The Three Seas Initiative (3SI, TSI, I3M), also known as the Baltic, Adriatic, Black Sea (BABS) Initiative, or simply the Three Seas, is a forum of twelve states in the European Union, located in Central and Eastern Europe. The combined area connects the Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, and Black Sea. The initiative aims to create a regional dialogue on a variety of questions affecting the member states. The twelve members met for their first summit in 2016, in Dubrovnik.
The Three Seas Initiative has twelve member states along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea: Austria#, Bulgaria*, Croatia*, Czech Republic*, Estonia*, Hungary*, Latvia*, Lithuania*, Poland*, Romania*, Slovakia* and Slovenia*. [* = NATO member; # = NATO partner]
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Intermarium (Polish: Międzymorze; Ukrainian: Міжмор'я, Belarusian: Міжмор’е) was a geopolitical project conceived by politicians in successor states of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in several iterations, some of which anticipated the inclusion as well of other, neighboring states. The proposed multinational polity would have extended across territories lying between the Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas, hence the Latinate name Intermarium, meaning "Between-Seas".
Prospectively a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, the post-World War I Intermarium plan pursued by Polish leader and former political prisoner of the Russian Empire, Józef Piłsudski (1867–1935), sought to recruit to the proposed federation the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The Polish name Międzymorze (from między, "between"; and morze, "sea"), meaning "Between-Seas", was rendered into Latin as "Intermarium."
The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 18th, had united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other geopolitical vision—Prometheism, whose goal was the dismemberment of the Russian Empire and that Empire's divestment of its territorial acquisitions.
Intermarium was, however, perceived by some Lithuanians as a threat to their newly established independence, and by some Ukrainians as a threat to their aspirations for independence, and while France backed the proposal, it was opposed by Russia and by most other Western powers. Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or Nazi Germany, except for Finland (which suffered some territorial losses in the 1939–40 Winter War with the Soviet Union).
Europe's Three Seas Initiative ..
Turkey versus Greece - Mediterranean O&G ..
Turkey versus Greece - Mediterranean O&G ..
