Friday, December 13, 2019

Military Alliances, 21st

22-10-31 How could war between Xina & Taiwan play out? | Four Corners > .
22-9-21 How China’s Military Drills Could Choke Off Taiwan’s Internet | WSJ > .
22-9-7 Intermarium - Poland Ukraine Baltics | George Friedman > .
22-8-21 Japan Is (Again) Becoming a Military Powerhouse - gtbt > .
22-8-15 Taiwan could repel invasion; wargamed cost high to Taiwan and US > .
22-8-15 How worried is Japan about Xina-Taiwan tensions? - ABC Aus > .
22-8-6 How Many BCTs can the US Army Form for a Large Scale War? - CoCa > .
22-8-4 Situation Zoom: Pelosi Visits Taiwan | Goodfellows - Hoover > .
22-7-26 France's Hx & Geostrategic Choices in Central Europe - gtbt > .
22-7-22 Poland could become strongest land force in the EU - Binkov > .
22-7-21 Xina losing international trust, 10 Pacific nations rebuff joint agreement - CR > .
22-5-6 Could Ukraine cause fall of Belarusian Dictator? - VisPol > . skip ad > .
22-4-6 How the world would change if Xina attacked Taiwan - Binkov > .
22-4-2 Survey Reveals US-China-Taiwan-Japan Dynamics Post Ukraine War - Lei > .
22-4-1 Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Sparking NATO Defense Spending Spree? > .
22-3-25 A2/AD: A Strategy for Defence of Australia in 21st Century - hypo > .
2022 90% Of Foreign Military Bases Are American - AJ+ > .
22-1-10 Mapping Rise of Turkey's Military Reach - CaspianReport > .

Axis of Evil, BRICS 


Costs


Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..

Military Strength Ranking 2023 .

Political, economic, military alliances 2021:
Caribbean
Middle East, Eurasia
Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support (Turkey, Azerbaijan) .
NATO
Union State (Russia, Belarus) .
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Sunday, December 8, 2019

UKUSA Agreement - FVEY

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23-4-13 Intelligence = Information + Analysis; P00 & Pentagon Leaks | DiD > .
Pine Gap (JDFPG) - Armor >> .

◊ Indo-Pacific ..

Born out of the Cold War, Five Eyes is a multinational spy network comprised of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, and the United States. The member states of Five Eyes gather intelligence about foreign countries, sharing it freely between themselves.

The United Kingdom – United States of America Agreement (UKUSA) is a multilateral agreement for cooperation in signals intelligence between Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The alliance of intelligence operations is also known as the Five Eyes. In classification markings this is abbreviated as FVEY, with the individual countries being abbreviated as AUS, CAN, NZL, GBR, and USA, respectively.

Emerging from an informal agreement related to the 1941 Atlantic Charter, the secret treaty was renewed with the passage of the 1943 BRUSA Agreement, before being officially enacted on 5 March 1946 by the United Kingdom and the United States. In the following years, it was extended to encompass Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Other countries, known as "third parties", such as West Germany, the Philippines, and several Nordic countries, also joined the UKUSA community in associate capacities, although they are not part of mechanism for automatic sharing of intelligence that exists between the Five Eyes.

Much of the sharing of information is performed via the ultra-sensitive STONEGHOST network, which has been claimed to contain "some of the Western world's most closely guarded secrets". Besides laying down rules for intelligence sharing, the agreement formalized and cemented the "Special Relationship" between the UK and the US.

Due to its status as a secret treaty, its existence was not known to the Prime Minister of Australia until 1973, and it was not disclosed to the public until 2005. On 25 June 2010, for the first time in history, the full text of the agreement was publicly released by the United Kingdom and the United States, and can now be viewed online. Shortly after its release, the seven-page UKUSA Agreement was recognized by Time magazine as one of the Cold War's most important documents, with immense historical significance.

The global surveillance disclosure by Edward Snowden has shown that the intelligence-sharing activities between the First World allies of the Cold War are rapidly shifting into the digital realm of the Internet.


The documents, including diary entries, detail the war time meetings that began at Bletchley Park and led to the UKUSA deal being signed in March 1946. The alliance involved working together to intercept communications and break codes, sharing almost everything.

A short entry from February 1941 in the diary of Alastair Denniston, released for the first time today by GCHQ, marked the beginning of what was once the most secret of relationships. Denniston was head of Bletchley Park and he was welcoming a group of American code breakers at a time when the US had not yet entered WW2.

"The Ys are coming!" the entry read - meaning the Yanks. The Americans had undertaken a perilous crossing with their boat shot at by Nazi planes but they arrived at the home of British code breakers on a mission of huge importance.

With the permission of then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the two groups of spies would share their most sensitive secrets - that the UK had broken the German Enigma code and the US the Japanese code called Purple. 

Further diary entries reveal how key figures would travel back and forth over the Atlantic, including Denniston to meet with his opposite number as well as code breaker Alan Turing.

The power of the alliance in WW2 has made it the heart of what is sometimes called the "special relationship" between the two countries. The term seems increasingly outdated but the one place where it has always been real is when it comes to code breaking.

The relationship forged in that visit would outlast WW2 and, after a series of meetings, be formalised at the start of the Cold War with a document signed in Washington on 5 March 1946. The agreement was something of a "marriage contract" - each agreed honesty, openness and commitment to the other including a "no spy agreement" in which they would not target the other side. They would share nearly all the intelligence they produced through breaking codes and intercepting communications (known as signals intelligence or SIGINT) although the agreement did allow some wiggle room if one side felt they had to act independently.

Initially known as UKUSA, over the next 10 years it would be expanded as Australia, Canada and New Zealand joined, making up what is known today as the Five Eyes alliance. 



23-5-25 Xina-backed hackers ‘living off the land’ to target critical systems, says Five Eyes group: Targets include US military facilities on Guam that would be key in an Asia-Pacific conflict, say Microsoft and western spy agencies. ... The US and western security agencies warned in their advisory that the activities involved “living off the land” tactics, which take advantage of built-in network tools to blend in with normal Windows systems. The advisory warned that the hacking could then incorporate legitimate system administration commands that appear “benign”. While Xinese hackers are known to spy on western countries, this is one of the largest known cyber-espionage campaigns against American critical infrastructure.
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Friday, December 6, 2019

Western treaties, post-WW2 timeline

57-3-25: Treaty of Rome; European Economic Community - HiPo > .
24-9-6 How the Atlantic Ocean made the modern world - Caspian > .
23-8-15 Oppenheimer's nuclear warnings more relevant than ever - Caspian > .
22-7-21 Why Every NATO Member Joined (Why Others Haven't) - Spaniel > .

On the 25th of march 1957 the Treaty of Rome which laid the foundations for the European Economic Community was signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, The
Netherlands, and West Germany.

The EEC, sometimes referred to as the Common Market, was formally established on 1 January 1958. It survived, with some changes under the Maastricht Treaty, until 2009 when it was absorbed into the European Union.

The aim of the EEC was to establish economic integration between its members, such as a common market and customs union. However in reality the EEC operated beyond purely economic issues since it included organisations such as the European Atomic Energy Community that sought to generate and distribute nuclear energy to its member states.

The EEC was preceded by the European Coal and Steel Community, which came into force in 1952. The ECSC sought to amalgamate European coal and steel production in order to reconstruct Europe after the devastation of the Second World War. The hope was that this would reduce the threat of a future conflict by establishing mutual economic reliance. Within just three years the idea of a customs union was being discussed, and the 1956 Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom established the parameters for the Treaty of Rome.

Over time the EEC expanded its membership. Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom joined in 1973 while the 1980s saw the addition of Greece, Spain and Portugal. With the creation of the European Union in 1993 and its absorption of the EEC in 2009 the union expanded to contains 28 states.


47-3-4 Treaty of Dunkirk, between Britain and France ⇒ guard against German or Soviet aggression.

48-3-17 Treaty of Brussels ⇒ Western Union (WU, to 1954).

48-4-16 ⇒ Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OECE).

49-4-4 North Atlantic Treaty (49-4-4) ⇒ military alliance to guard against German or Soviet aggression.

49-4-4 onward North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (implementation of North Atlantic Treaty ⇒ military alliance (Germany joined in May 1955) to guard against Soviet aggression.

49-5-5 ⇒ Council of Europe.

51-4-18 Treaty of Paris (1951) ⇒ establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

52-5-26 General Treaty, Generalvertrag ⇒ ended Germany's status as an occupied territory

54-10-23 Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) at 1954 Paris Conference ⇒ Western European Union (WEU, to 2010) = Germany and Italy admitted.

57-3-25 Treaty of Rome (1957–92) ⇒ European Economic Community (EEC) .

57-3-25 Euratom Treaty ⇒ European Atomic Energy Community .
1965 - 1967 Merger Treaty .
1975 - 1976 Council Agreement on TREVI .
1986 - 1987 Single European Act .
1985/90 - 1995 Schengen Treaty & Convention .
1992 - 1993 Maastricht Treaty (Treaty on European Union) .
1997 - 1999 Amsterdam Treaty . 
2001 - 2003 Nice Treaty .
2007 - 2009 Lisbon Treaty .

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Saturday, November 30, 2019

●● Warfare


WW2
CoG - Continuity of Government ..
Female Spoils of War ..

Anocracy, Autocracy, Authoritarianism


Asymmetric Warfare

China, CCP / Xina, XiXiP

Civil War
Civil Wars ..

Cold War Defense 

Cold War 2 Defense
Conflicts & Tensions 2024 ..


Defense


Economic Sanctions

Electrical Grid 
EMP Attack ..

Future Weaponry

20th

Geostrategic Projection
European Geostrategic Projection ..


MENA 

Military Costs
Budgets (Military) ..

Militias

Moral, PsyOps 
Morale ..

Mutually Assured Destruction

Nuclear Powers

PLA

Political Warfare 

Post-Soviet Tensions

21st Century

Impact of War
Russia's Aviation Industry - Beleaguered ↠ 

Logistics, Modeling, Strategy


Military Plans

Military Theory
Mahan & Naval Strategy ..


Training 

Ukraine 2022+

Urban Combat 

War Museums


Weaponry - Defensive/Offensive

WW1

X-T

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>> WW1 Troops >>>
>> WW2 >>>
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