Churchill War Ministry

40-5-10 Churchill's new war cabinet ..

Winston Churchill - Victory - House of Commons - May 13, 1940 > .

Life of Winston Churchill - Timeline > .
Britain Stops Trying to Appease Hitler; Turns to Churchill > .

Winston Churchill's War - BBC doc > .

Churchill's Secret Underground War Rooms in London - History Hit > .  

Churchill - tb >> .

War Rooms ..

The Churchill war ministry was a Conservative-led coalition government in the United Kingdom, which lasted for most of World War II. It was led by Winston Churchill, as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Formed in 1940, within a year of the war's outbreak, it lasted until 23 May 1945, shortly after the defeat of Nazi Germany, when Churchill resigned and an election was called.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry#War_Cabinet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry#List_of_Ministers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_war_ministry#Changes

War Leaders versus Press ..

40-12-23 Halifax, Eden, Margeson > .
Lord Halifax → British Ambassador to US
Anthony Eden → Foreign Secretary
David Margeson → Secretary of State for War

BRITISH POLITICAL PERSONALITIES 1936-1945
The Churchill Coalition Government 11 May 1940 - 23 May 1945: Members of Churchill's Defence Committee in the garden of 10 Downing Street. Seen in the back row from left to right are: Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal, Chief of the Air Staff; Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound, First Sea Lord and Chief of the Naval Staff; Sir Archibald Sinclair, Secretary of State for Air; David Margesson, Secretary of State for War; General Sir John Dill, Chief of the Imperial General Staff; Major General Sir Hastings Ismay, Chief of Staff to the Minister of Defence and Deputy Secretary (Military) to the War Cabinet; Colonel Leslie Hollis, Senior Assistant Secretary (Military) to the War Cabinet and Secretary to the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Those in the front row, from right to left are: Lord Beaverbrook, Minister of Aircraft Production; Clement Attlee, Lord Privy Seal; Winston Churchill, Prime Minister and Minister of Defence; Anthony Eden Foreign Secretary; and A V Alexander, First Lord of the Admiralty.
http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205022122

http://2ndww.blogspot.ca/2014/07/churchills-cabinet-war-rooms-london.html .

War Ministries WW2 ..

CMC - Хina's Joint Battle Command Center

Russia's massive command centers are housed in the remodeled Ministry of Defense building in Moscow. Newly released videos (1,2) provide a peek into the Chinese Military Commission's Joint Battle Center.

The CMC was reportedly established around 2014-2015 as part of a series of reforms aimed at making the Chinese military more capable of unified operations and to facilitate more streamlined command and control at the highest rungs of China's leadership. Atop that command structure is President Xi Jinping -- General Secretary of the Communist Party of China and chairman of the Chinese Military Commission. He also adopted the name "Commander In Chief," emulating American Presidents, and has continued executing a series of consolidation of power plays that have secured tighter control over the military, reducing competition among China's political leadership.

CSDP, EDU, EU Army

22-7-26 France's Hx & Geostrategic Choices in Central Europe - gtbt > .

24-2-28 EU Army Looks Increasingly Likely - TLDR > .

24-2-20 Why Europe is Reinstating Conscription - TLDR > .

23-12-23 Future of EU Defense: NATO or the EU? (ft. UEF) - Simple > .

23-10-28 Poland's military dream: A tank too far? - Geo Perspective > .

23-10-23 Poland Must Defend Ukraine against Historical Rival: Russia - GeoP > .

23-9-5 Strategic Autonomy: Will Europe Ever Be Able to Defend Itself? | Waro > .

23-8-20 NATO's Rearmament & Spending - NATO's R-U Response - Perun > .

23-2-20 Military spending: UK may offer some insights - CNBC > .

23-1-30 Poland is militarising so fast it’s scary! - Artur > .

23-1-30 Inside Polish Armored Infantry (Squad to Division) - Battle > .

23-1-3 Macron's Neo-Gaullism - plans for hegemony - Caspian Report > .

22-12-30 Most disappointing politicians - VisPol > .

22-12-30 Suwalki Gap: NATO's Weakest Point? | BFBS > .

22-7-22 Poland could become strongest land force in the EU - Binkov > .

22-7-21 Why Every NATO Member Joined (Why Others Haven't) - Spaniel > .

22-7-4 Intermarium: Is Strongest Union In Europe About To Appear? - Complete > .

22-6-29 2022 adjusted MoD's Military Budget - UK > .

22-6-23 Germany's $100 Billion Military Upgrade - CaspianReport > .

22-6-19 Macron loses absolute majority in French parliament | DW > .

22-5-9 Macron's Plan to Revive France - VisPol > .

22-5-1 EU Army could challenge Xina and Ruscia - Simple > .   

22-4-20 Suwalki Gap - Lithuania strengthens forces b/o Russia | DW > .

22-4-14 Beyond Hype: How To Rate Military Power? - mah > .

22-4-1 Russia's Invasion Of Ukraine Sparking NATO Defense Spending Spree? > .

22-3-23 Polish citizens join army b/o Russian invasion of Ukraine - BBC > .

22-3-20 Europe's Rearming to defend itself against Russia: New era for EU? - VisPol > .

22-1-5 Is the EU about to build its own army? | DW > .

21-11-26 Poland to double the size of its military - Caspian > .

21-5-26 Why Europe's Border Approach Is Changing (Frontex) - neo > .

21-7-24 Global Britain: Old Idea. Ripe for Comeback? Royal Navy - Explore > .

> EU >> 

> EuM - European Defense >>  EU Army? 

24-7-27 Future of EU Defense: NATO or the EU? - Simple > .

24-3-6 EU Defense Union: How Far Should We Integrate? - Simple > . skip > .

24-2-28 EU Army Looks Increasingly Likely - TLDR > .

24-2-20 Why Europe is Reinstating Conscription - TLDR > .

23-12-23 Future of EU Defense: NATO or the EU? (ft. UEF) - Simple > .

23-9-5 Strategic Autonomy: Will Europe Ever Be Able to Defend Itself? | Waro > .

22-5-1 EU Army could challenge Xina and Ruscia - Simple > .

Becoming Prepared - Military Spending - Fyrd Færeld >> .

Geostrategic Projection

EU 2023 ..

European Geostrategic Projection ..

The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

The CSDP involves the deployment of military or civilian missions to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with secondments from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure — headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, and sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU) in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm — comprises:

• the European Commission's Defence Industry Directorate-General
• the External Action Service's (EEAS) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) and permanent Operation Headquarters (OHQs) for command and control (C2) at the military/civilian strategic level, i.e. the MPCC and CPCC.
• a number of Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the Military Committee (EUMC)
• four agencies, including the Defence Agency (EDA)

The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence. It has been agreed that NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects.

Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP.

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, also known as Frontex (from French: Frontières extérieures for "external borders"), is an agency of the European Union headquartered in Warsaw, Poland, tasked with border control of the European Schengen Area, in coordination with the border and coast guards of Schengen Area member states.

Defence - Ministries

.Churchill's Secret Underground War Rooms in London - History Hit > . 

Winston Churchill's War - BBC doc > .

Predecessors of the modern Ministry of Defence:

Admiralty.
Air Ministry.
Ministry of Aviation (est 1959; merged with Ministry of Technology 1967).

Ministry of Defence (est 1964; Minister of Defence, Churchill, May 1940).

War Office.

During the 1920s and 1930s, British civil servants and politicians, looking back at the performance of the state during WW1, concluded that there was a need for greater co-ordination between the three services that made up the armed forces of the United Kingdom—the Royal Navy, the British Army and the Royal Air Force. The formation of a united ministry of defence was rejected by David Lloyd George's coalition government in 1921; but the Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed in 1923, for the purposes of inter-service co-ordination. As rearmament became a concern during the 1930s, Stanley Baldwin created the position of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence. Lord Chatfield held the post until the fall of Neville Chamberlain's government in 1940; his success was limited by his lack of control over the existing Service departments and his limited political influence.

Prior to the Second World War defence policy was co-ordinated by the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID). In 1936 the post of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence was established, though he did not have a department and the political heads of the three services—the First Lord of the Admiralty for the Royal Navy, the Secretary of State for War for the Army and the Secretary of State for Air for the Royal Air Force—continued to attend Cabinet.

On the outbreak of war in 1939 the CID was suspended and on 3 April 1940 the office of Minister for Co-ordination of Defence was abolished. Winston Churchill, on forming his government in May 1940, created the office of Minister of Defence to exercise ministerial control over the Chiefs of Staff Committee and to co-ordinate defence matters. The heads of the three services were not included in the War Cabinet. The Minister had few departments, the most famous of which was MD1 which allowed unusual ideas for weapons to be developed under the patronage of Churchill with less interference from the services and got the nickname "Churchill's Toyshop".

............
After the end of the war in Europe in May 1945 the First Lord and the Secretaries for War and Air rejoined the Cabinet, though the Prime Minister remained Minister of Defence. The post was held by the Prime Minister of the day until Clement Attlee's government introduced the Ministry of Defence Act of 1946. 

The suspension of the CID was made permanent by a White Paper (Cmd. 6923) in 1946, and from 4 October that year the service chiefs were no longer in the Cabinet. The former First Lord of the Admiralty A.V. Alexander was appointed Minister of Defence on 20 December 1946 and the Ministry of Defence was formally established on 1 January 1947 by the Ministry of Defence Act 1946. The Ministry was responsible for liaising between the individual service ministries and co-ordinating defence policy.

From 1946, the three posts of Secretary of State for War, First Lord of the Admiralty, and Secretary of State for Air were formally subordinated to the new Minister of Defence, who possessed a seat in the Cabinet. The said three service ministers—Admiralty, War, Air—remained in direct operational control of their respective services, but ceased to attend Cabinet.

From 1946 to 1964, five Departments of State did the work of the modern Ministry of Defence: the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry, the Ministry of Aviation, and an earlier form of the Ministry of Defence. These departments merged in 1964; the defence functions of the Ministry of Aviation Supply merged into the Ministry of Defence in 1971.

Under the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 the Ministry of Defence was merged with the Admiralty, the War Office and the Air Ministry to form the current Ministry of Defence on 1 April 1964; the Minister of Defence became Secretary of State for Defence.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(1947%E2%80%931964) .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom) .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(1947%E2%80%931964)#Ministers_of_Defence,_1940%E2%80%931964 .

Churchill Chiefs of Staff ..

Churchill War Ministry .. 

War Rooms ..
Resource War ..

Map of Whitehall Place, London □

    

> EuM - European Defense >>  EU Army? 

24-7-27 Future of EU Defense: NATO or the EU? - Simple > .

Defence Regulations

Defence Regulations were emergency regulations passed between the lead-up and end of WW2, providing emergency powers to prosecute the war. Two Acts of Parliament were passed as enabling legislation to allow the Defence Regulations to be promulgated. 1) The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1939 was passed immediately before war was declared. 2) The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act 1940 was passed in the aftermath of the German attack on France in 1940. The 1940 Act allowed Defence Regulations to be made on matters such as industrial conscription.

The main Defence Regulations were the Defence (General) Regulations 1939, which were amended at various points throughout the war. Other Defence Regulations covered narrower fields of life. These included Defence Regulation 18B, which provided a framework for internment. 18B allowed the internment of people suspected of being Nazi sympathisers. The effect of 18B was to suspend the right of affected individuals to habeas corpus.

The Defence Regulations were Orders in Council and could amend any primary or secondary legislation within the limits of the enabling Acts to allow the effective prosecution of the war.

Originally the regulations did not create any capital offences, since the law of treason was thought to be sufficient. Defence Regulation 2A provided that "If, with intent to assist the enemy, any person does any act which is likely to assist the enemy or to prejudice the public safety, the defence of the realm or the efficient prosecution of the war, he shall be liable to penal servitude for life."

However, in 1940 amendments to the regulations created two capital offences: "forcing safeguards" (breaking through roadblocks etc.) under regulation 1B, and looting under regulation 38A. A third new capital offence, called treachery, was created soon afterwards by the Treachery Act 1940.

Since the emergency conditions created by the war persisted after the conflict was over, the last of the Defence Regulations, mainly those on food rationing, were not abolished until the early 1950s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulations .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Regulation_18B .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom .

War Ministries WW2 ..