Tuesday, December 31, 2019

●● Treaties, Cooperation

Alliances - Principles, Geostrategic Benefits ..

14th 

19th alphabetical

19th chronological

20th alphabetical
American Empire ..Arcadia Conference & Declaration of the United Nations ..Casablanca Conference 43-1-14 ..
CSTO / ОДКБ - Collective Security Treaty Organization .. 1918-1-8 Wilson Fourteen Points ..Global Cooperative Organizations ..
1928-8-7 Kellogg–Briand (Paris) Pact ..PGII (B3W) ..
SCO - Shanghai Cooperation Organization ..


Military Cooperation

> NATO Politics >>

1929-2-11 Lateran Treaty ..

Joint Exercises

Logistics, Modeling, Strategy 

Pact of Steel 1939-5-22 ..

WW2 conferences, agreements, pacts, protocols 
47-3-12 Truman Doctrine ..47-11-29 UN partition plan - Palestine ..

Religion

NATO member states
Global Cooperative Organizations ..
1949 – Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom, United States.
1952 – Greece, Turkey
1955 – Germany
1982 – Spain
1999 – Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland
2004 – Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia
2009 – Albania, Croatia
2017 – Montenegro

   Transatlantic 

21st century

Alliances - Power Projection, Trade 

 Asia

Indo-Pacific

USA-Russian Federation

USSR, Russian Federation, Warsaw Pact
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Alliances - Principles, Geostrategic Benefits

NATO - defense militaries 
>> NATO >>>

Politico-Economic Alliances 
What is the European Union? - EU made SIMPLE > .

●● Treaties, Cooperation ..
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European Alliances 1879 - 1914

Territorial Evolution of France - 481 CE to 2020 > .
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Monday, December 30, 2019

1907-8-31 Anglo-Russian Entente

31st August 1907: The Anglo-Russian Entente is signed, forming the Triple Entente > .
Central Asian -Stans - Present Tense >> .

For much of the second-half of the nineteenth century Britain and Russia had been involved in a series of disputes over colonial acquisitions in Persia, Tibet and Afghanistan. By the start of the twentieth century, however, the increasing threat of the relatively-young German Empire saw the two great powers seek to settle what had become known as ‘The Great Game’. Russia had already ended years of tension with France through the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1894. Meanwhile the Entente Cordiale of 1904 saw Britain and France settle a number of longstanding colonial disputes. Consequently the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907 completed a series of agreements that loosely tied the three nations together. The Entente itself consisted of three separate agreements which were bundled together for ratification. The first divided Iran into three zones, two of which were part of the British and Russian spheres of influence respectively while the third – which separated the other two – was neutral. In the second agreement the two nations agreed not to interfere in Tibet’s domestic affairs. The third agreed that Afghanistan was ‘outside Russia’s sphere of influence’ – effectively a recognition of British influence there. The Anglo-French and Anglo-Russian Ententes did not formally make the signatories allies. Nevertheless the Triple Entente, as the network of agreements between the three powers became known, acted as a counterweight to the existing Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. These two huge power blocs played a prominent role in the outbreak of the First World War.
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1918-1-8 Wilson 14 Points

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1918-1-8 US President Woodrow Wilson - Fourteen Points - HiPo > .

On 8 January 1918 United States President Woodrow Wilson made a speech to Congress in which he outlined his principles for world peace, known as the Fourteen Points.

Three days earlier, on 5 January, the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George had outlined British war aims at the Caxton Hall conference of the Trades Union Congress. It was the first time any of the Allies had shared their post-war intentions and, as a result, Woodrow Wilson considered abandoning his own speech since many of the points were similar. However, he was persuaded to deliver the speech anyway. Keen to distance the United States from nationalistic disputes that fuelled European rivalries, he sought a lasting peace by securing terms that avoided selfish ambitions of the victors.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points were greeted with some reluctance from France in particular. Georges Clemenceau, the French Prime Minister, is said to have remarked that, ‘The good Lord only had ten!’ as a comparison to the Ten Commandments.

Wilson’s speech led to the Fourteen Points becoming an instrument of propaganda that was widely circulated within Germany. Consequently it later served as a basis for the German armistice that was signed later that year.

France’s vastly different intentions meant that, when the Paris Peace Conference began on 18 January 1919, there were significant tensions between the negotiators. The fact that Wilson himself was physically ill meant that he was less able to argue for his preferred peace terms against Clemenceau, who was nicknamed the Tiger, and his demands to cripple Germany. Consequently many Germans felt incredible anger over the final terms of the Treaty.

The Fourteen Points was a statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I. The principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by President Woodrow Wilson. However, his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism.

The United States had joined the Triple Entente in fighting the Central Powers on April 6, 1917. Its entry into the war had in part been due to Germany's resumption of submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain and also the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram. However, Wilson wanted to avoid the United States' involvement in the long-standing European tensions between the great powers; if America was going to fight, he wanted to try to separate that participation in the war from nationalistic disputes or ambitions. The need for moral aims was made more important when, after the fall of the Russian government, the Bolsheviks disclosed secret treaties made between the Allies. Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, immediately after the October Revolution in 1917.

The speech made by Wilson took many domestic progressive ideas and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination). Three days earlier United Kingdom Prime Minister Lloyd George had made a speech setting out the UK's war aims which bore some similarity to Wilson's speech but which proposed reparations be paid by the Central Powers and which was more vague in its promises to the non-Turkish subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The Fourteen Points in the speech were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.
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sī vīs pācem, parā bellum

igitur quī dēsīderat pācem praeparet bellum    therefore, he who desires peace, let him prepare for war sī vīs pācem, parā bellum if you wan...

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