●τ 1904

 1904-1908 Herero and Namaqua genocide ..

1904-8 Herero and Namaqua genocide

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The Herero and Namaqua genocide or the Herero and Nama genocide was the first genocide of the 20th century, waged by the German Empire against the Herero (Ovaherero), the Nama, and the San in German South West Africa (now Namibia). It occurred between 1904 and 1908.

In January 1904, the Herero people, who were led by Samuel Maharero, and the Nama people, who were led by Captain Hendrik Witbooi, rebelled against German colonial rule. On January 12, they massacred more than 100 German men in the area of Okahandja, though sparing women and children. In August, German General Lothar von Trotha defeated the Ovaherero in the Battle of Waterberg and drove them into the desert of Omaheke, where most of them died of dehydration. In October, the Nama people also rebelled against the Germans, only to suffer a similar fate.

Between 24,000 and 100,000 Hereros, 10,000 Nama and an unknown number of San died in the genocide. The first phase of the genocide was characterised by widespread death from starvation and dehydration, due to the prevention of the Herero from leaving the Namib desert by German forces. Once defeated, thousands of Hereros and Namas were imprisoned in concentration camps, where the majority died of diseases, abuse, and exhaustion.

In 1985, the United Nations' Whitaker Report classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of South West Africa, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. In 2004, the German government recognised and apologised for the events, but ruled out financial compensation for the victims' descendants. In July 2015, the German government and the speaker of the Bundestag officially called the events a "genocide". However, it has refused to consider reparations. Despite this, the last batch of skulls and other remains of slaughtered tribesmen which were taken to Germany to promote racial superiority were taken back to Namibia in 2018, with Petra Bosse-Huber, a German Protestant bishop, describing the event as "the first genocide of the 20th century".

●τ 1905

1905-1-22 Bloody Sunday Massacre ..

1905-6-27 Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin ..

1905-6-27 Mutiny on Battleship Potemkin

1905-6-27 Mutiny on board the Russian battleship Potemkin - HiPo > .

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▲ Ukraine History ➧

On 27 June 1905 the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin mutinied in an uprising that was immortalised in Sergei Eisenstein’s 1925 silent film of the same name.

Potemkin entered service in early 1905 after her gun turrets were fitted, and therefore did not take part in the disastrous Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Instead, by the end of June she was off the coast of Ukraine completing manoeuvres. It was here that rotten meat allegedly containing maggots was brought on board to feed the crew. Dissatisfied with the ship’s doctor’s opinion that the meat was fit for human consumption, the crew complained to the captain.

The ship’s second in command, Commander Ippolit Gilyarovsky, confronted the sailor’s delegation and killed spokesman Grigory Vakulenchuk. This triggered the mutiny, in which seven of the ship’s eighteen officers including Giliarovsky and the Captain were killed. The crew chose quartermaster Afanasi Matushenko to take control.

Having hoisted the red flag, Potemkin set sail for Odessa where a general strike was underway. Here the crew brought the body of the revolutionary spokesman Vakulenchuk ashore and laid it on the Odessa Steps where it acted as a focal point for locals to show their support for the sailors. However, by the evening the authorities received orders from the Tsar to take firm action. Estimates say that up to 2,000 civilians were killed.

Potemkin left Odessa the next day and sailed for Constanța in Romania. The ship was surrendered to the Romanian authorities in return for the sailors receiving safe passage. Potemkin was later returned to the Russian navy and was renamed Panteleimon.

1905-1-22 Bloody Sunday Massacre

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1905-1-22 Bloody Sunday massacre, Russian capital St. Petersburg - HiPo > .

20th Century History (1900-1909) - HiPo >> .

On 22 January 1905 the Bloody Sunday massacre took place in the Russian capital St Petersburg.

By 1905 there was growing discontent amongst the Russian urban working class. Father Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest, had established the Assembly of the Russian Factory and Mill Workers of the City of St Petersburg to promote workers’ rights in 1903 but, after four Assembly members from the Putilov ironworks were sacked from their jobs in December 1904, workers across the city went on strike.

Father Gapon sought to capitalise on the situation by drafting a petition to the Tsar calling for improved working conditions in the factories, alongside various other reforms. The petition received 150,000 signatures and, on the morning of 22 January, Father Gapon led workers and members of the Assembly on a march to deliver the petition to the Winter Palace. They carried religious icons and pictures of the Tsar with them.

Father Gapon had already notified the authorities of the petition and the march. In response approximately 10,000 armed troops from the Tsar’s Imperial Guard were placed around the palace.

Bloody Sunday or Red Sunday (Крова́вое воскресе́нье, tr. Krovávoe voskresénje) was the series of events on Sunday, 22 January [O.S. 9 January] 1905 in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators, led by Father Georgy Gapon, were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.

Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia: the events in St. Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly to the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is considered to be the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905. In addition to beginning the 1905 Revolution, historians such as Lionel Kochan in his book Russia in Revolution 1890–1918 view the events of Bloody Sunday to be one of the key events which led to the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Why the soldiers began firing on the peaceful march is unclear. Even the number of marchers killed or injured is uncertain with estimates ranging from the government’s official figure of 96 dead to revolutionary claims of more than 4,000.

The Tsar was not in the palace at the time, and did not give an order for the troops to fire. Despite this he was widely blamed for the massacre. In response to the bloodshed, strikes and protests spread around the country. They eventually developed into the 1905 Revolution.