Tuesday, June 30, 2015

● Geopolitics: Africa ◊


2021 Africa ..
Africa's Challenging Geography ..
African Aquapolitics ..
African Monsters ..
Algeria vs Morocco ..
Apartheid ..
Chokepoints - Suez Canal ..
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Monday, June 29, 2015

2021 Africa

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24-3-25 Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso to form a confederation - Caspian > .

On January 1, 2021, African countries began officially trading under a new continent-wide free trade area. The African Continental Free Trade Area aims to bring together 1.3 billion people in a $3.4 trillion economic bloc that will be the largest free trade area since the establishment of the World Trade Organization.

Every African country except Eritrea has signed on to the free trade area framework agreement, and 34 have already ratified it. Although such an action could be interpreted as a continuation of globalization, it may take decades before African countries create a single market, common currency, as well as common fiscal and monetary policies.
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Sunday, June 28, 2015

Algeria vs Morocco

21-9-14 Algeria & Morocco: World's Most Self-Destructive Rivalry - Caspian Report > .

Western Sahara is a disputed territory in North-western Africa. Western Sahara is located on the north-west coast in West Africa and on the cusp of North Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean to the northwest, Morocco proper to the north-northeast, Algeria to the east-northeast, and Mauritania to the east and south. It has a surface area of 272,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi). Approximately 30% of the territory (82,500 km2 (31,900 sq mi)) is controlled by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR); the remaining 70% is occupied and administered by neighboring Morocco. It is the most sparsely populated territory in Africa and the second most sparsely populated territory in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at 618,600. Nearly 40% of that population lives in Morocco-controlled Laayoune, the largest city of Western Sahara.
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Apartheid

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22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .

Centuries of division built one of the most unequal countries on earth. For decades, South Africa was under apartheid: a series of laws that divided people by race. Then, in the 1990s, those laws were dismantled. But many of the barriers they created continue to divide South Africans by skin color - which in turn determines their quality of life, access to jobs, and wealth. Racial division was built into the fabric of cities throughout South Africa, and it still hasn't been uprooted.

That's partly because, while apartheid was the culmination of South Africa's racial divisions, it wasn't the beginning of them. That story starts closer to the 1800s, when the British built a network of railroads that transformed the region's economy into one that excluded most Black people -- and then made that exclusion the law.

The railroads and how they impacted Cape Colony’s economy, paper by Johan Fourie and Alonso Herranz Loncan:
https://academic.oup.com/ereh/article... .
​ Segregation in South Africa’s major urban centers - segregation and inequality:
https://www.seri-sa.org/images/SERI_E... .
​ Post-Apartheid cities, paper by Edgar Pieterse (featured in the video):
https://www.africancentreforcities.ne...​ .
History and legacy of District Six, District Six Museum website:
https://www.districtsix.co.za/ .​

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Saturday, June 27, 2015

Belt & Road - Africa

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24-8-23 [What Are Xina and Ruscia Doing in Africa?] || Peter Zeihan > .23-12-2 Xina’s Real Impact on Africa - Attempted Thought > .23-3-8 Xina Vying For Zimbabwe’s Lithium Industry - CNBC > .
22-12-28 Too many people? Challenges of demographic change | DW > .
22-3-18 "Myth" of the Xinese Debt Trap in Africa - Bloomberg > .

Xiocolonialism ..

[Wage slavery is moving to Africa, as European corporations export European jobs.] 

The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) -- not to be confused with African Free Trade Zone -- is a free trade area founded in 2018, with trade commencing as of 1 January 2021. It was created by the African Continental Free Trade Agreement among 54 of the 55 African Union nations. The free-trade area is the largest in the world in terms of the number of participating countries since the formation of the World Trade Organization. Accra, Ghana serves as the Secretariat of AfCFTA and was commissioned and handed over to the AU by the President of Ghana Nana Akufo-Addo on August 17, 2020 in Accra.

The agreement was brokered by the African Union (AU) and was signed on by 44 of its 55 member states in Kigali, Rwanda on March 21, 2018. The agreement initially requires members to remove tariffs from 90% of goods, allowing free access to commodities, goods, and services across the continent. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa estimates that the agreement will boost intra-African trade by 52 percent by 2022. The proposal was set to come into force 30 days after ratification by 22 of the signatory states. On April 2, 2019, The Gambia became the 22nd state to ratify the agreement, and on April 29 the Saharawi Republic made the 22nd deposit of instruments of ratification; the agreement went into force on May 30 and entered its operational phase following a summit on July 7, 2019.

The general objectives of the agreement are to:
  • create a single market, deepening the economic integration of the continent
  • establish a liberalised market through multiple rounds of negotiations
  • aid the movement of capital and people, facilitating investment
  • move towards the establishment of a future continental customs union
  • achieve sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development, gender equality and structural transformations within member states
  • enhance competitiveness of member states within Africa and in the global market
  • encourage industrial development through diversification and regional value chain development, agricultural development and food security
  • resolve challenges of multiple and overlapping memberships

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